<div style="text-align: center; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">===========================================<br>L O W L A N D S - L - 29 October 2009 - Volume 02<br style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><a href="mailto:lowlands@lowlands-l.net">lowlands@lowlands-l.net</a> - <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/">http://lowlands-l.net/</a></span><br style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">
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===========================================<br></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="gI"><span class="gD" style="color: rgb(200, 137, 0);">Paul Tatum</span> <span class="go"><<a href="mailto:ptatum@blueyonder.co.uk">ptatum@blueyonder.co.uk</a>></span></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Subject: </span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="gI">LL-L "Gender" 2009.10.28 (01) [EN]<br><br></span><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Hi Ron and everybody,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a> <mailto:<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>>><br>
Subject: Gender<br>
<br>
Thanks, all.<br>
<br>
Those are really interesting points, Paul, an interesting way of
viewing this subject matter. So, if I understand you correctly, we are
really talking about a broader group of what we might call "classifying
languages" within which gender is only one type of classification, a
type in which gender classification includes actual gender but often
grows beyond natural gender (as in most Indo-European languages).<br>
</blockquote>
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Maybe agreement classes ('genders') are one of the implements available
in the linguistic toolbox. What they classify is individual to each
language - masculine vs feminine, m versus f versus neuter, animate
versus inanimate, long versus broad versus...etc. Some of the Dravidian
languages, like Kannada, have 'perfect' gender systems - all nouns
denoting human males are masculine, all nouns denoting females are
feminine and all the rest are neuter, but I think this just seems to
highlight how arbitrary genders can be in other languages. Perhaps part
of the function of gender classes is to differentiate things that are
felt to be associated but different, so in French we have 'le soleil'
and 'la lune', while in German it is 'der Mond' and 'die Sonne' - what
is important is not the precise gender, but that they have different
genders. So maybe languages can grow from a situation of 'a noun
arbitrarily belongs to one of the genders' to the situation which
obtains in Kannada, by a process of attraction - one gender class
contains more males than other gender class(es), and it becomes the
default class for new nouns denoting males, and so the association
grows.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
So my basic question is this: Can such redundancies disappear on their
own accord, and if they can not, what sorts of factors can lead to
abandoning classifying?<br>
</blockquote><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
My own view of a language is that it is a dynamic system in an unstable
state of equilibrium which is always subject to forces such as analogy,
assimilation, dissimilation, emphasis and reinterpretation which means
that it is always has the possibility of changing in some unpredictable
way. When we look back at a change, there usually seems to be many
explanations that might be relevant, be it language contact, internal
pressures in the language or physical factors such as the high mountain
air causing more energetic stops (!) (I like to imagine Germanic
herders, each on his mountain peak, shouting across the valley
something like 'HOLA RUDHI, HAST DHU MEINE KHUEHE GHESEHEN?). Some of
these explanations seem more likely than others, and some seem to
provide more explanation than others, but in the end it seems hard to
point to one explanation and say this is the answer and other
explanations are irrelevant. Studying languages is a lot like studying
insects frozen in amber, in that each different view shows a different
facet of the subject, but no one view shows the whole, and also you
know that the thing once lived and moved.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Enough thinking already, nighty night (or good morning, depending on where you are)!</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><font style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" color="#888888">
<br>
Paul Tatum.<br>
</font><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">----------</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">From: R. F. Hahn <</span><a style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
Subject: Language change</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Thanks loads for your further elucidation, Paul. Very interesting once again.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">You may be familiar with this already, but I'll mention it at least for other peoples' benefit, that in Manchu and a bit also in Mongolian (where it is used in vowel harmony explanations), though as Altaic languages having no morphological and pronominal gender marking, there are instances in which gender is marked phonologically. Traditionally, front vowels (of which there is only one left in Manchu, and it has become schwa, usually spelled "e" in Roman script) are considered feminine (Manchu</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> hehengge</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">) while back vowels are considered masculine (Manchu</span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> hahangge</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">). There are some minimal pairs of words in which this is clearly seen; e.g. Manchu </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">eme</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> 'mother' versus </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">ama</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> 'father', and </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">hehe</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> 'woman' versus </span><i style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">haha</i><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> 'man'.</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Regards,</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Seattle, USA</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
•
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