<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">===============================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">L O W L A N D S - L - 10 January 2010 - Volume 01</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);"><a href="mailto:lowlands.list@gmail.com">lowlands.list@gmail.com</a> - <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/">http://lowlands-l.net/</a></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">
<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">Archive: <a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/lowlands-l.html">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/lowlands-l.html</a></span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; color: rgb(153, 153, 153);">
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<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">===============================================</span><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"></div><br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
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<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Subject:
Grammar<br>
<br>
Marlou,<br>
<br>
You asked about the use of definite articles with names of countries, states
and regions. This is a large topic, so I’ll only cover the very basics in my
response.</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Both Dutch and English very rarely use
articles with country names. When they do, it is because the name contains or
implies elements such as “islands,” e.g. the Marshall
Islands (<i>Marshalleilanden</i>), the Grenadines (<i>de
Grenadines</i>), the Northwest
Territories. </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></b></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The Basics:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="margin-left: 1.45pt; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(230, 230, 230) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">German</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(230, 230, 230) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Low Saxon (D)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(230, 230, 230) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Nederlands</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(230, 230, 230) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">English</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(230, 230, 230) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Comment</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">01</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">land</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">land</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">land</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">land</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">02</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">en*</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">en*</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">e(n)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">en</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">02</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ien</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ien*</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ië(n)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ia</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">04</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">die ei</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> [aı] (f)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">de ee ~ ie</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> [</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ε</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">ı] ~ [i:] (f)**</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ije</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ia</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">< French <i>la ...</i></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ie</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">05</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">die ie</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> [i:] (f)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">de ie</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"> [i:] (f)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">ië</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(e)y</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">06</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">die krain(e)</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (f)<b></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">de krain</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (f)<b></b></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">kraïne</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">kraine</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">< Slavic <i>krajina</i> ‘borderland’</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">07</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">stan</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">staan</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">stan</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">stan</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">< Persian </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">stān</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ـستان</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)
< Sanskrit <i>sthāna</i> (</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="HI">स्थान</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">) ‘land’, ‘region’</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; margin-left: 5.4pt; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">with article</span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">* with the exception of <i>Jemen</i> (see
below)<br>
** in Germany
widely replaced by German <i>ei</i> ([aı]) due to lack of familiarity with
traditional Low Saxon equivalents</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Examples:</span></p>
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="margin-left: 1.45pt; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(230, 230, 230) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">German</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(230, 230, 230) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Low Saxon (D)</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(230, 230, 230) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Nederlands</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(230, 230, 230) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">English</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">01</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">England</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, Deutschland, Griechenland, Holland</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ingland, Düütschland, Gräkenland, Holland</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Engeland, Duitsland, Griekenland, Holland</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">England</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, Holland</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">02</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Schweden, Polen, Ägypten</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Swäden, Polen, Ägypten</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Zweden, Polen, Egypte</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sweden</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">03</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Indien, Brasilien, Italien</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Indien, Brasilien, Italien</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Brazilië, Italië, Mongolië, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Normandië</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">India</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">04</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="DE">die Türkei, die Mongolei, die Mandschurei,
die Walachei</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="DE"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES">de Törkee ~ de Törkie</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Turkije, Mantsjoerije, Walachije</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Manchuria, Wallachia</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">05</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="DE">die Normandie</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="DE">de Normandie</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="ES"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><br></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Normandy</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, Italy, Turkey</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">06</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">die Ukraine,
die Oberkrain</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 153) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">de Ukrain</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ukraïne</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 3pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ukraine</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="">
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt; width: 25.9pt;" valign="top" width="35">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">07</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pakistan</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, Usbekistan, Afghanistan, Kurdestan</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pakistaan,
Usbekistaan, Afghanistaan, Kurdestaan</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pakistan</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, Oezbekistan, Afghanistan, Kordestan</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0in 1.45pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pakistan</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan,
Kurdestan</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Apparent Exceptions:</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In English, country names with
articles are now rare, unless things like “islands” or “territories” are
involved and thus require articles. The few remaining cases, which may be considered
archaisms, seem to be giving way to names without articles, especially in
American English.</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">“The Gambia” seems to be a translation
from Portuguese <i>a Gâmbia</i><i></i>. Use of the article
may have been reinforced by awareness of the country having begun as the
territory along the Gambia River. Most
Americans say “Gambia.”</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">“The Argentine,” probably a calque of
French <i>l’Argentine</i>, is perceived as archaic or foreign in the USA where “Argentina” is the ordinary name,
assumedly taken directly from Spanish.</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">German retains many names of </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">countries, states and regions with
articles even where </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">things like
“islands” or “territories” are not involved. As seen above, cases with the
Romance-derived endings <i>ei</i> and <i>ie</i> require use of an article
following the old Romance pattern, as do place names with the Slavic-derived
ending <i>krain(e)</i>. This applies also to a few other types of Slavic place
names of regions that were once perceived as countries, such as <i>die Lausitz</i>
(Lusatia) from the feminine Sorbian name<i> Łužica</i> ~ <i>Łužyca</i>, similarly
<i>der Elsass</i> (Alsace, in which case some English speakers say “the Alsace,”
probably because of French <i>l’Alsace</i>). Article use with certain
Middle Eastern countries seems to follow the Arabic pattern in which use of the
article is mandatory, e.g. <i>der Irak</i> (<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">العراق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><i>al-Irāq</i>) and <i>der Jemen</i> (اليمن <i>al-Yaman</i>). However, in the case of <i>der Libanon</i>
the Arabic equivalent does not require the article (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">لبنان</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="AR-SA"> </span><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Lubnān</span></i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">). In the case of <i>der Iran</i>, note that Persian does not use articles
(</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">ایران</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Irân</span></i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">) and the Arabic equivalent has no article either (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">إيران</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="AR-SA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">‘Irân</span></i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">). Perhaps someone just went crazy there ...</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Originally denoting ‘borderland’ (like Slavic
<i>krajina</i>, and like archaic English <i>march</i>), the German ending <i>-mark</i> is in
flux. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;" lang="DE">In cases of German-speaking regions an article is required;
e.g. <i>die Uckermark</i>, <i>die Mark Brandenburg</i>, <i>die Altmark</i>, <i>die
Windische Mark</i>, and <i>die Steiermark</i>. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">(All of the examples represent old Germanic-Slavic border regions.) But no article
is used with foreign names containing <i>-mark</i>, e.g. <i>Dänemark</i>, <i>Telemark</i>.</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron</span></p>
<p style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Seattle</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">, USA</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"></span></p>
<br style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">
<p>
==============================END===================================
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