<div style="text-align: center"><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">====================================================</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> L O W L A N D S - L - 01 July 2011 - Volume 05</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><a href="mailto:lowlands.list@gmail.com">lowlands.list@gmail.com</a> - <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/">http://lowlands-l.net/</a></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> Posting: <a href="mailto:lowlands-l@listserv.linguistlist.org">lowlands-l@listserv.linguistlist.org</a></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> Archive: <a href="http://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/lowlands-l.html">http://listserv.linguistlist.org/archives/lowlands-l.html</a></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
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</font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">From: Pat Barrett <a href="mailto:pbarrett@cox.net">pbarrett@cox.net</a></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Subject: LL-L "Language survival" 2011.07.01 (04) [EN]
</font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Just a few blocks south of my house is the Tohono Akimel reservation. I was happy to hear a couple of young people at the bus station speaking the language, obviously fluent in it. It's easier to maintain those languages (Navaho, Hopi, Apache, Mohave, Chemehuevi, Hualapai, etc.) here in Arizona where the tribes live on reservations and the culture is more concentrated. That's disappearing, though and special efforts must be made if the languages are to continue in use.</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Here's info on Tohono O'odham and Tohono Akimel:</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">O'odham is a Uto-Aztecan language of the American Southwest. It has two dialects, Tohono O'odham (also known as Papago) and Akimel O'odham (also known as Pima). Speakers of one of these dialects can fairly easily understand each other, just as speakers of American and Australian English can. Taken together there are more than 10,000 speakers of the O'odham language, most in Arizona</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Pat Barrett <a href="mailto:pbarrett@cox.net">pbarrett@cox.net</a></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><a href="http://ideas.lang-learn.us/barrett.php">http://ideas.lang-learn.us/barrett.php</a></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">----------</font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</font></div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Subject: Language survival</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Thanks, Pat.</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">We ought to bear in mind, though, that there is enormous variation among these cases. Much depends on how much original cultural and linguistic cohesion suffered through interference, such as programs to alienate Indigenous children from their roots by taking them away from their families and disallowing use of their native languages in the boarding schools into which they were placed. (I believe that in parts of Canada and Australia that ended as late as in the 1960s.)</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">For various reasons, some Indigenous American nations fared better than others, though clearly the history of none of them can be described as a bed of roses.</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Talking about Uto-Aztecan languages, please consider the case of Yoeme (a.k.a. Hiaki, Yaqui, closely related to Yoreme or Mayo), which I know a bit about. Despite heavy-handed interference on the parts of Jesuit missionaries, of the Spanish colonial government and eventually of the Mexican government, cultural and linguistic loyalty have been doing relatively well. Most Yoeme of </font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Mexico's State of Sonora are perfectly bilingual: Yoeme and Spanish. Most of the descendants of those Yoeme that fled to Arizona are trilingual: Yoeme, Spanish and English. Native language use is strong enough for Mexican-style popular and folklorist songs to be recorded in Yoeme; and, yes, there are Mariachi bands that use Yoeme.</font></div>
<div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">My introduction: <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/anniversary/yoeme-info.php">http://lowlands-l.net/anniversary/yoeme-info.php</a></font></div>
<div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">My translation: <a href="http://lowlands-l.net/anniversary/yoeme.php">http://lowlands-l.net/anniversary/yoeme.php</a></font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
</font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">I contend that degrees of social and cultural cohesion are what's at play in language survival. Cohesion may arise from internal defense mechanisms, such as pride-based consciousness. Cohesion may not always be entirely self-chosen but may be at least in part imposed, such as in the case of the Sinti (mostly in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, France, Italy, and Slovenia). Unlike many of their Roma relatives, the Sinti are sedentary, many of them urban. Yet, a combination of ethnic pride and outsiders' discrimination keeps them largely apart, and this favors the maintenance of their language, although their Indo-Aryan language is very strongly influenced by German.</font></div>
<div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Regards,</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Reinhard/Ron</font><font face="arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>
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