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L O W L A N D S - L - 23 July 2011 - Volume 02<br>
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</div>From: <span><span style="color:#5b1094">Wolfram Antepohl</span> <span><a href="mailto:wolfram@antepohl.se" target="_blank">wolfram@antepohl.se</a></span></span><br>
Subject: <span>LL-L "Phonology" 2011.07.23 (01) [EN]</span><br>
<br>An ingressive "ja" (how would you actually write that?) Is very common
in several Swedish Dialects, especially in Norrland and Småland. I have
aatually adapted to using it - it can make your speech very effective as
you can omit the pauses that otherwise occur when you breathe in ...
;-)<div>Never came across this habit i my native area in the Sauerland part of Westphalia.</div><div><br></div><div>Greetings</div><div><br></div><div>Wolfram<br></div><br><div>
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<div>-- </div><div>Wolfram Antepohl</div><div>Lindesbergsgatan 4</div><div>582 53 Linköping</div><div>013-125243</div><div>073-8031585</div><div><a href="mailto:wolfram@antepohl.se" target="_blank">wolfram@antepohl.se</a></div>
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<br>----------<br><br>From: <span><span style="color:#790619">Pat Barrett</span> <span><a href="mailto:pbarrett@cox.net" target="_blank">pbarrett@cox.net</a></span></span><br>Subject: <span>LL-L "Phonology" 2011.07.23 (01) [EN]</span><br>
<br><div><font size="2">The ingressives of West African languages are
relatively easy to make: you close your lips, drop your adam's apple, making a
vacuum inside your mouth, then open your lips and the air rushes in, giving the
ingressive b.</font></div>
<div><font size="2">Pat Barrett <a href="mailto:pbarrett@cox.net" target="_blank">pbarrett@cox.net</a><font color="#888888"><br><a href="http://ideas.lang-learn.us/barrett.php" target="_blank">http://ideas.lang-learn.us/barrett.php</a></font></font></div>
<br>----------<br><br>From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>><br>Subject: Phonology<br><br>Wikipedia (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingressive_sound">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingressive_sound</a>):<br>
<h3><span>Inhaled Affirmative "Yeah"</span></h3>
<p>Several languages include an affirmative "yeah", "yah", "yuh" or
"yes" made with inhaled breath which sounds something like a gasp. This
is an example of a pulmonic ingressive. This feature is found in:</p>
<ul><li>Dialects of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" title="English language" target="_blank">English</a> spoken in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador" target="_blank">Newfoundland</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritimes" title="Maritimes" target="_blank">Canadian Maritimes</a>.</li>
</ul>
<ul><li>Dialects of English spoken in the state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine" title="Maine" target="_blank">Maine</a>. The word is often transcribed as "ayup" and people attempting to imitate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent" target="_blank">Maine dialect</a> rarely use the ingressive form. It is missing in most Maine-dialect TV and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States" target="_blank">Hollywood</a> productions.</li>
</ul>
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English" target="_blank">Hiberno-English</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English" target="_blank">Highland English</a><sup><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingressive_sound#cite_note-0" target="_blank"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup>, typically used to express agreement and show attentiveness in a phone conversation, for example.</li>
</ul>
<ul><li>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese_language" title="Faroese language" target="_blank">Faroese</a> entire phrases are sometimes produced ingressively, as is also the case in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language" target="_blank">Icelandic</a>.</li>
</ul>
<ul><li>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language" target="_blank">Danish</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language" target="_blank">Norwegian</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language" target="_blank">Swedish</a>
words like "ja" (yes), "nei" (no) etc. are often pronounced with
inhaled breath, which can be confusing to foreigners. The main function
of inhaled speech seems to be paralinguistic, showing e.g., agreement
with a statement and to encourage a speaker to continue on.<sup title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from April 2009" style="white-space:nowrap">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" target="_blank">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> It is consequently also typical of dialogue.</li>
</ul>
<ul><li>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German" target="_blank">Northern German dialects</a> an affirmative "ja" (yes) is often pronounced ingressively, especially in dialogue.</li>
</ul>
<ul><li>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language" target="_blank">Khalkha Mongolian</a> the words <b>тийм</b> <span title="Pronunciation in IPA">[tʰiːm]</span> ("that/[yes]"), <b>үгүй</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʊɡʊi]</span> ("no"), and <b>мэдэхгүй</b> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɛdɛx-ɡʊi]</span> know.<span style="font-variant:small-caps">inf-neg</span> ("[I] don't know") are often pronounced in daily conversation with pulmonic ingressive airflow.</li>
</ul>
<ul><li>In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewe_language" title="Ewe language" target="_blank">Ewe</a> and other <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo" title="Togo" target="_blank">Togolese</a> languages.</li></ul>
<ul><li>In Austronesian languages such as Tagalog <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[opo]</span> and more forcefully in Waray Waray and softer in Borongan (Samar Province) <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[uhuh]</span> or <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ohoh]</span> usually spelled in these countries <i>oo</i>
and possibly stronger in Oras, Artache, Dolores(all in Samar). The
sound is almost guttural and the aspirant is inhaled, not exhaled air.
Thus, for an English speaker exhaling this response, the exhaled sound
is not understood by native Samar speakers. The American English trouble
expression of 'Uh Oh' does not remotely approximate this sound.
Eastern, Western and Northern Samar have different accents in the same
dialect, and should be studied further to explore this phoneme group.<br></li></ul>On that page there is a sound file of Norwegian<i> ja</i> (yes) with and without ingression.<br><br>Note mention "North German dialects" above. I believe we are dealing with a Low Saxon substratum feature that survives in certain North German dialects. Might it be an areal feature that spread through contacts with Scandinavian and Baltic languages? <br>
<br>Some time ago we discussed this, and there was mention of ingression being found in Finnish, more in women's speech than in men's speech.<br><br>There is an informative web presentation on the topic: <a href="http://ingressivespeech.info/" target="_blank">http://ingressivespeech.info/</a><br>
<br>Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron<br>Seattle, USA<br><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"> </span>
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