<div style="text-align:center;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font>==============================</font><font>=======================<br> L O W L A N D S - L - 19 February 2012 - Volume 02<br><a href="mailto:lowlands.list@gmail.com" target="_blank">lowlands.list@gmail.com</a>
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<p style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif" class="MsoNormal"><font> </font></p>
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Subject: Phonology<br>
<br>Ingmar <i>et al.</i>,<br><br>A postscript seems to be in order, since sometimes I forget to mention what to me seems quite obvious.<br><br>Not only did the earliest Mennonites come from virtually all parts of what are now the Netherlands, Belgium and also Low-Frankish-speaking parts of what is now Germany, but the eastern lands to which they migrated had been attracting </span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Low-Frankish-speaking migrants since the high Middle Ages. </span>"Dutch" or "Flemish" settlers could be found anywhere from today's Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein to Eastern Prussia, an area of northeastern Poland and now Russian Kaliningrad (German <span lang="de"><i>Königsberg</i>, Western Low Saxon </span><span lang="de"><i>Königsbarg</i></span><span lang="de">, Dutch <i>Koningsbergen</i>, Polish<i> </i></span><span lang="pl"><i>Królewiec</i> ~ </span><i>Królówgród</i><span lang="pl">, Lithuanian </span><span lang="lt"><i>Karaliaučius</i></span><span lang="de">, Old Prussian </span><i>Kunnegsgarbs</i><span lang="de">).</span><br>
<br>My point is that there used to be Low Saxon <span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Low-Frankish-speaking communities</span> in much of the area, and it is not at all unlikely that <span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Low Frankish substrata </span>participated in the development of eastern Low Saxon, aside from Slavic and Baltic substrata as well as German influences. <br>
<br>Personally, I believe that the features of unrounding and palatalization in Plautdietsch and other East Pomeranian and East Prussian Low Saxon dialects is due to Slavic substrata, perhaps also to Baltic substrata. Other far-eastern varieties had considerable contacts with Finnic (Livonian and Estonian, perhaps even Ingrian).<br>
<br>We should always remember that some West-Slavic-speaking communities once existed as far west as in eastern Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein, even in what is now southeastern Denmark, especially on the Isle of Funen (<i>Fyn</i>). However, the westernmost Slavic-speaking fringes were less densely populated and had been dominated by Germanic speakers much earlier. This may account for the fact that unrounding and fricativization are not features of Low Saxon dialects in such contact areas, and that front rounding made its way into some of those Slavic varieties, such as Drevano-Polabian (German <span lang="de"><i>Draväno-Polabisch</i></span> or <i>Drevanisch</i>) of eastern Lower Saxony, a language that became extinct in the 18th century:<br>
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<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">D.Polab.</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">Polish</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">L.Sorb.</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">U.Sorb.</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">Czech</span></b></p>
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<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial"> </span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">böse</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">boso</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">bósy</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">bosy</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">bosý</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">barefoot</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">Büg</span></p>
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<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">Bóg</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">Bog</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">Bóh</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">Bůh</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">God</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">djölęb</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">gołąb</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">gołub</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">hołb</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">holub</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">dove</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">djöra</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">góra</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">góra</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">hora</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">hora</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">mountain</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">djüst</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">gość</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">gósć</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">hósć</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">host</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">guest</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">dübre</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">dobrze</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial"></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">dobry</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">dobry</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">dobrý</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">good</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">katü</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">kto</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">chto</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">štó</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">kdo</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">who</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">ljutü</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">lato</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">lěśe</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">lěćo</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">léto</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">summer</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">nüc</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">noc</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">noc</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">nóc</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">noc</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">night</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">nüwe</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">nowy</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">nowy</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">nowy</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">nový</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">new</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">nüz</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">nóż</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial"></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">nož</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">nóž</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">nůž</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">knife</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">paiwü</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">piwo</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">piwo</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">piwo</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">pivo</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">beer</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">pöl</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hpsalt-edited"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">pół</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL"></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">poł</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">poł</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">půl</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">half</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">püd</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hpsalt-edited"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">pod</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">pód</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">pod</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">pod</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">under</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">sarütje</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">szeroki</span></span><span class="hpsalt-edited"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial"></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">šyroki</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">šěroki</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">široký</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">broad</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">slüwü</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">słowo</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">słowo</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">słowo</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">slovo</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">word</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">tjöza</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">koza</span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">kóza</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">koza</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">koza</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">goat</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">wüdjin</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="hpsalt-edited"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL">ogień</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial" lang="PL"></span></span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">wogeń</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">woheń</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">oheň</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial">fire</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br>As you can see, there is a great deal of palatalization in Drevano-Polabian. However, none of it rubbed off on the local Low Saxon dialects, while Low Saxon loanwords abound in this West Slavic language.<br><br>Regards,<br>
Reinhard/Ron<br>Seattle, USA<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<div style="margin-left:40px;color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Subject: Phonology</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Hi, Ingmar!</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">The early
Mennonites came from various parts of the Netherlands, on their way east
were joined by people of what is now Northern Germany, and eventually
picked up the East Pomeranian Low Saxon dialect of the Vistula Delta. I
assume that they developed their own dialect variant by way of a
far-western substrate accumulation. Later developments took place in
Ukraine and eventually all over the Soviet Union.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">One
of the main characteristics of Germanic varieties that were exported to
the far east is the unrounding of front rounded vowels; typically ü
> i and ö > e. This applies to all far-western Low Saxon, German
and Yiddish varieties and may be assumed to be due to Slavic and Baltic
substrata. Plautdietsch (i.e. Mennonite Low Saxon) underwent additional
shifts, some of which it shares with now mostly extinct other Vistula
Delta var. Notable is almost general vowel lowering (with rounding of
the low vowels): i > e, e > e ~ a, a > au, aa > o(a), but i
and ö derived from rounded vowels (ü > i and ö > e) tend not to be
affected by this.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></div>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;margin-left:40px;color:rgb(0,0,153)" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Non-Mennonite</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Mennonite</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Gift</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Jeft</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">poison</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">in</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">en</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">in</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">is</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">es</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">is</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Hööd</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Heed</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">hats</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">gröön</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">jreen</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">green</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Hüs’ ~
Hüser</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Hiesa</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">houses</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Hand</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Haund</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">hand</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">dat</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">daut</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">that</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">gahn</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">gohne</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">to go</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">klagen</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">kloage</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">to complain</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">büst</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">best</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">(thou)
art</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Küken</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Kjiekjel
~ Tjietjel</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">chick</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">düütsch</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">dietsch</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">German</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-left:40px;color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Already
at the Vistula Delta (as opposed to later Ukrainian colonies),
Plautdietsch acquired palatalization before front vowels. This includes
the shift k > kj which some ("Russian") dialects later shifted to tj.
Palatalization of non-word-initial /d/ is a feature Plautdietsch shares
with Lower Rhine Frankish.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></div>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;margin-left:40px;color:rgb(0,0,153)" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Non-Mennonite</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Mennonite</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Gift</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Jeft</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">poison</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Gold</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Gold</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">gold</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">gääl</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">jääl</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">yellow</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Küken</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Kjiekjel
~ Tjietjel</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">chick</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Kind</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Kjind ~
Tjind</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">child</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Kinner</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Kjinja ~
Tjinja</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">children</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Band</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Baund</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">band</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Bänner</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Benja</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">bands</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">kaken</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">koake</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">to cook</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">kieken</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">kjiekje ~
tjietje</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">to look</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">wegen</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">wäje</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">to cradle, to weigh<br></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-left:40px;color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">There
is another shift that distinguishes "New Colony" Plautdietsch from "Old
Colony" Plautdietsch and is predominant in the dialects of 20th-century
Soviet Union. While front rounded vowels had earlier become unrounded
(see above), this latest development made back-vocalic long /u/ into
frontal ü.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></div>
<table style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;margin-left:40px;color:rgb(0,0,153)" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Non-Mennonite</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Old
Colony</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">New
Colony</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Huus</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Huus</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Hüüs</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">house</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Hüs’ ~
Hüser</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Hiesa</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Hiesa</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">houses</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Tuun</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Tuun</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Tüün</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">fence</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Tüün</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Tien</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Tien</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">fences</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Uul</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Uul</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">Ü</span><span style="font-size:10pt">ü</span><span style="font-size:10pt">l</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">owl</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">bruun</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">bruun</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">brüün</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">brown</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="margin-left:40px;color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">I hope that this clarifies a few things.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">I believe that Plautdietsch </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">-e </i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">compared with Low Saxon </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">-en</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> adds to the Low Frankish sound.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Regards,</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Seattle, USA</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></div>
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><font style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="2">
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