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<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">From: Ingmar Roerdinkholder <<a href="mailto:roerd096@PLANET.NL">roerd096@PLANET.NL</a>></span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Subject: LL-L "Phonology" 2012.02.19 (01) [EN]</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Thanks for clarifying, Ron.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
I think j- from LS g- in Plautdietsch is such a far Western, Low
Franconian feature originally too, we find it in many Low Franconian as
well in Middle Franconian dialects such as Kölsch and Berlinerisch.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
In the Southern Netherlands, i.e. Brabant, Limburg, South Gelderland,
East Flanders, every g- is palatal, pronounced like a voiced ich-laut,
regardless it position, so it's always palatal, also before a
non-palatal vowel (ga, go, gu) or before a consonant (gl-, gr-, gn-). In
Standard Dutch, g is quite differently pronounced as non palatal [G] or
often voiceless [x].</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
Palatal g is quite a rare phoneme, only few languages have it, so I can
imagine that it changes easily into j, which is related to it, one could
say that Southern Dutch g is right between Standard Dutch [G] and [j].</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
So my point is now: Plautdietsch j- for other Low Saxon g- in all positions is dew to Low Franconian palatal g-/j-.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
In this case it's not Slavic influence, because then it would only occur before palatal vowels.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
Berlinerisch j- is also likely to have the same origins, because it's
well known that Brandenburg was colonized mainly by people from what's
nowadays the Netherlands, Flandria and Low Franconian areas in Western
Germany.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
Btw about Plautdietsch, I think it's a bit strange that, with all that
obvious Slavic influence and when the language was already completely
surrounded by Slavonic languages, a totally non Slavic development took
place in uu becoming üü, the latter sound even doesn't exist in Polish,
Russian or Ukrainian.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
Btw 2 about Plautdietsch, when I look at the phonological developments,
the parallells with the even more far western Ingvaeonic or North Sea
Germanic languages (Old Frisian, Old English) are also quite striking: k
becomes kj/tj before palatal vowels, unrounding of ö to e, ü to i,
deletion of final -n in verbs into -a, -e, man/hand becomes mon/hond</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
etc.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
Very interesting all this</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
Ingmar</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><div style="margin-left:40px;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">From: R. F. Hahn <[log in to unmask]></span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Subject: Phonology</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Hi, Ingmar!</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
The early Mennonites came from various parts of the Netherlands, on
their way east were joined by people of what is now Northern Germany,
and eventually picked up the East Pomeranian Low Saxon dialect of the
Vistula Delta. I assume that they developed their own dialect variant by
way of a far-western substrate accumulation. Later developments took
place in Ukraine and eventually all over the Soviet Union.</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
One of the main characteristics of Germanic varieties that were exported
to the far east is the unrounding of front rounded vowels; typically ü
> i and ö > e. This applies to all far-western Low Saxon, German
and Yiddish varieties and may be assumed to be due to Slavic and Baltic
substrata. Plautdietsch (i.e. Mennonite Low Saxon) underwent additional
shifts, some of which it shares with now mostly extinct other Vistula
Delta var. Notable is almost general vowel lowering (with rounding of
the low vowels): i > e, e > e ~ a, a > au, aa > o(a), but i
and ö derived from rounded vowels (ü > i and ö > e) tend not to be
affected by this.</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Non-Mennonite</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Mennonite</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Gift</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Jeft</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
poison</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
in</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
en</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
in</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
is</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
es</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
is</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Hööd</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Heed</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
hats</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
gröön</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
jreen</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
green</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Hüs’ ~ Hüser</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Hiesa</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
houses</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Hand</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Haund</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
hand</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
dat</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
daut</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
that</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
gahn</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
gohne</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
to go</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
klagen</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
kloage</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
to complain</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
büst</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
best</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
(thou) art</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Küken</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Kjiekjel ~ Tjietjel</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
chick</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
düütsch</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
dietsch</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
German</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Already at the Vistula Delta (as opposed to later Ukrainian colonies),
Plautdietsch acquired palatalization before front vowels. This includes
the shift k > kj which some ("Russian") dialects later shifted to tj.
Palatalization of non-word-initial /d/ is a feature Plautdietsch shares
with Lower Rhine Frankish.</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Non-Mennonite</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Mennonite</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Gift</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Jeft</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
poison</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Gold</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Gold</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
gold</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
gääl</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
jääl</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
yellow</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Küken</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Kjiekjel ~ Tjietjel</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
chick</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Kind</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Kjind ~ Tjind</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
child</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Kinner</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Kjinja ~ Tjinja</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
children</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Band</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Baund</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
band</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Bänner</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Benja</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
bands</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
kaken</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
koake</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
to cook</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
kieken</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
kjiekje ~ tjietje</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
to look</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
wegen</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
wäje</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
to cradle, to weigh</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
There is another shift that distinguishes "New Colony" Plautdietsch from
"Old Colony" Plautdietsch and is predominant in the dialects of
20th-century Soviet Union. While front rounded vowels had earlier become
unrounded (see above), this latest development made back-vocalic long
/u/ into frontal ü.</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Non-Mennonite</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Old Colony</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
New Colony</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Huus</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Huus</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Hüüs</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
house</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Hüs’ ~ Hüser</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Hiesa</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Hiesa</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
houses</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Tuun</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Tuun</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Tüün</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
fence</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Tüün</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Tien</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Tien</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
fences</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Uul</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Uul</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Üül</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
owl</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
bruun</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
bruun</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
brüün</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
brown</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
I hope that this clarifies a few things.</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
I believe that Plautdietsch -e compared with Low Saxon -en adds to the Low Frankish sound.</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Regards,</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
Seattle, USA</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)"></div>
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br>----------<br><br>From: R. F. Hahn <<a href="mailto:sassisch@yahoo.com" target="_blank">sassisch@yahoo.com</a>></span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Subject: Phonology<br><br>Thanks, Ingmar.<br><br></span><div style="margin-left:40px;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">So my point is now: Plautdietsch j- for other Low Saxon g- in all positions is dew to Low Franconian palatal g-/j-.</span><br style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
<span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">
In this case it's not Slavic influence, because then it would only occur before palatal vowels.</span><br></div><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Then this would of virtually all Low Saxon dialects east of Saxony-Anhalt since they all have variants of this feature. </span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Plautdietsch palatalization does apply only before palatal vowels ... palatal vowel </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">phonemes</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">. </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Jeft</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> 'poision' is realized with an [e] which is a lowered allophone of /i/.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<div style="margin-left:40px;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">Berlinerisch j- is also likely to have the same origins, because it's
well known that Brandenburg was colonized mainly by people from what's
nowadays the Netherlands, Flandria and Low Franconian areas in Western
Germany.</span><br></div><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Berlin used to have its own Low Saxon dialect variants, and Berlin German (which is really a type of Missingsch) got some features from those substrata. This includes /g/ > [j]. However, applies to </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">all</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> instances of syllable-initial /g/, and to /g/ only, not to /k/ and /d/ like in Plautdietsch and in other dialects of Eastern Pomerania and Eastern Prussia. For example, Plautdietsch has </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">gaunss</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> (Berlin </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">janz</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">) 'whole', </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">good</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> (Berlin </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">jut</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">) 'good', </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">jreen </i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">(Berli</span><span style="background-color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"></span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">n </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">jr</i><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><i>ün</i>) </span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">'green',*</span><font style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="2"> <i>j</i>ä<i>we</i></font><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> (Berlin </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">jeben</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">) 'to give', and </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Goade</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> (Berlin </span><i style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Jarten</i><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">) 'garden'. (* Palatalization can apply across liquids.)</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">I assume that personalized forms of the verb "to be" in Plautdietsch and other dialects of the Vistula Delta are indeed Frankish-influenced:</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<table class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse:collapse;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10pt">Plautdietsch</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10pt">North
Saxon</span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt"> </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">senne</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">sien,
wäsen</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">to be</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">ekj (etj)
sie</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">ik bün</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">I am</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">du best</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">du büst</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">thou art</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">he es</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">he is</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">he is</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">wi senne</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">wi sünd</span></p>
</td>
<td style="padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10pt">we are</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<div style="margin-left:40px;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,153)">Btw about Plautdietsch, I think it's a bit strange that, with all that
obvious Slavic influence and when the language was already completely
surrounded by Slavonic languages, a totally non Slavic development took
place in uu becoming üü, the latter sound even doesn't exist in Polish,
Russian or Ukrainian.</span><br></div><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Here you need to bear in mind that Mennonites always learned German as their "high" language, especially in scripture and liturgy. Pronouncing front unrounded </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">ü and ö </span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">when they learn German has always been a challenge for Central and East Europeans except Hungarians, Livonians and Estonians. I assume that the consistent shift u > </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">ü in New Colony Plautdietsch arose with overcompensation. </span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">I don't know if it is relevant, but please also let me mention that some Mennonite communities in the Soviet Union were exposed to Turkic languages, all of which have /</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">ü</span><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">/.</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Regards,</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Reinhard/Ron</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">Seattle, USA</span><br style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><br></span><font style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif" size="2">
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