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<p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;text-align:left"><font>From: </font>Joachim Kreimer-de Fries <<a href="mailto:Osnabryg%2BLowlands@googlemail.com">Osnabryg+Lowlands@googlemail.com</a>></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in 0.0001pt;text-align:left"><font>Subject: </font>LL-L "EventsLL-L Events" 2012.07.11 (01) [EN-NL]</p><div style="text-align:left"><font><br></font></div><div style="text-align:left"><div>
<div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'">Am 22.06.2012 um 20:27 schrieb Roger Thijs:</font></div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><br></font><blockquote type="cite"><span style="border-collapse:separate;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text-align:-webkit-auto;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;font-size:medium"><font face="'Times New Roman'">In the week of July 2 Ghent University organizes a 5-day seminar on "Afrikaans". <div>
<a href="http://www.seminarie-afrikaans.ugent.be/programma" target="_blank">http://www.seminarie-afrikaans.ugent.be/programma</a></div></font></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">On July 3 one of the presentations deals with:</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'"> </span><span style="border-collapse:separate;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text-align:-webkit-auto;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;font-size:medium"><font face="'Times New Roman'"><div>
<strong><u>Amerikaans Leeg Duits</u></strong><span> </span>(Low Dutch).</div></font></span></blockquote><div><br></div><div>and asked:</div><br><blockquote type="cite"><span style="border-collapse:separate;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:normal;text-align:-webkit-auto;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;font-size:medium"><font face="'Times New Roman'"><div>
What is ment with "American Low Dutch"?.</div></font></span></blockquote></div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><br></font><div style="font-size:22px"><font face="'Times New Roman'">Dear Roger & free-minded Lowlanders,</font></div>
<div style="font-size:22px"><font face="'Times New Roman'"><br></font></div><div style="font-size:21px"><font face="'Times New Roman'">following <b>Dr Jan Noordegraaf </b>– </font><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">lecturer </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'">Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam -, the <i>contributor</i> of the mentioned presentation, </span></div>
<div style="font-size:22px"><font face="'Times New Roman'"><i>Amerikaans Leeg Duits</i>, literally <i>American Low Dutch</i></font></div><div style="font-size:22px"><font face="'Times New Roman'">were varieties spoken until ~ a. 1900 by some descendants of Dutch (Netherlands) colonists (emigrants) <b>from the 17th century</b>, alongside the <b>right riverside of the Hudson</b> and in the <b>Mohawk Valley</b> upstate New York, USA.</font></div>
<div style="font-size:22px"><font face="'Times New Roman'"><br></font></div><div><font style="font-size:22px" face="'Times New Roman'">According to <i>Noordegraaf</i>
is "Leeg Duits = Nederlands wat verdween (Dutch which diappeared)", but
even in it's final stage (example of spoken Leeg Duits from 1913) was
it still identifiable as Dutch</font><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"> </span></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br>
</span></font></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div style="font-size:18px"><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:20px">"</span></font><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:20px">en
structureel niet zo sterk veranderd als bijvoorbeeld het Afrikaans. Uit
recent onderzoek is gebleken dat de woordenschat minder verengelst
is dan wel eens gedacht is. En verder zijn de woordvormen niet echt
onherkenbaar geworden." (Noordegraaf)</span></div></div><div style="font-size:18px"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:20px"><br></span></div><div style="font-size:18px"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:20px">(and
structurally not so much modified than Afrikaans … vocabulary less
Anglicized than thought … word-forms not really unknowable …)</span></div><div><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"><br></span></div></blockquote><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">… This might have been one of the topics of the respective lecture within the 5-day seminar on "Afrikaans" at Gent university </span></font><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px">on
July 3. Apart from Africaans and the seminar - made curious simply
because of the word "leeg" I followed Roger's kindly provided links and
came finally to three corresponding philological essays of <i>Jan Noordegraaf</i>, whose results I'd like to report here.</span><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br></span></font></div>
<div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><b>Why the hell is the variety in question called "Leeg Duits" (Low Dutch or even <i>Low German</i>)?</b></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br>
</span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">1.</span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><b>Let's begin with the (easier) second part of the term:</b> <b>Duits -</b> <i>EN Dutch or German, DE Niederländisch or Deutsch -</i>:</span></font></div>
<div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">We have to bare in mind the history of the language terms (the words) <i>NL</i><b> Duits, </b><i>EN</i><b> Dutch</b>:</span></font></div>
<div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">The Netherlandish varieties of the Hudson riverside and the Mohawk Valley were <b>Duits/Dutch in opposition to Hoog-Duits</b> (Upper Dutch/German, Oberdeutsch), insofar (in the language use of Early Modern Age) <b>Duits/Dutch = Nederduits</b>/Low
German incl. Dutch, more or less the language varieties of the
Dutch-Low German dialect continuum, the area of former Hanse's
activity, i.e. French and Belgian Flanders, Netherland and Northern
Germany.</span></font></div><div>
<blockquote type="cite"><span style="font-size:11.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman'">In the colonial period the descendants of the New Netherlanders were often called the
‘Low Dutch’ by their English neighbors to distinguish them from the ‘High Dutch’ or
Germans. It might reasonably be supposed that ‘Low Dutch’ was here a direct translation
of </span><span style="font-size:11.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman,Italic'">Leeg (Läg) Duits, </span><span style="font-size:11.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman'">except for the fact that the English term is more likely a translation
of </span><span style="font-size:11.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman,Italic'">Nederduits, </span><span style="font-size:11.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman'">a word which appeared prominently in the name </span><span style="font-size:11.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman,Italic'">Nederduyts Hervormde
Kerk </span><span style="font-size:11.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman'">(Dutch Reformed Church), the single unifying institution of colonial Dutch-
Americans after their subjugation to English rule. (</span><font face="TimesNewRoman" size="1">Bachman, Van Cleaf. 1983. ‘What is Low Dutch?’. De Halve Maen 57:3, 14-17, 23-24.</font></blockquote></div><div><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"><i>Nota bene:</i></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"> No doubt, the mentioned immigrants had been Dutch (Hollanders, partly Flemings) and the spoken variety </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"><i>Leeg Duits</i></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"> were apparently stemming from Early Modern Dutch.</span></div>
<div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">Thus the second part of the term, "Duits", in to-day's language use means EN <i>Dutch / NL Nederlands / DE Niederländisch.</i></span></font></div>
<div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">2.</span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><b>The first part, "Leeg",</b> of the term <i>Leeg Duits</i> is more complicated and <b>less clear-out proved.</b>
There are at least two possibilities or plausible explanations -
depending from the appropriate etymology of the word "leeg" in that
case.</span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">a) <b>leeg ~ laeg ~ laag</b> EN low DE Nieder-, Mod. NL laag (niet hoog).</span></font></div>
<div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">In
that case the question is, why this American-Dutch variety didn't call
herself "Nederduits", which had been the usual Dutch term for "Dutch"
(=Netherlandish) at that time. One explanation could be:</span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">The term <i>Leeg Duits</i></span></font></div>
<div><blockquote type="cite" style="font-size:22px"><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:17px">was coined early in the colonial period to distinguish the lowly patois of the Dutch-
American farmers from the cultured </span><span style="font-family:'TimesNewRoman,Italic';font-size:17px">Nederduits </span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:17px">of the ministry. Low Dutch as a dialect
self-consciously distinct from </span><span style="font-family:'TimesNewRoman,Italic';font-size:17px">Nederduits [i.e. Nederlands - jk] </span><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:17px">may thus extend well back into colonial times
(Bachman 1980:3; 1983:14).</span></blockquote><div>There-over bespeaks <span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"><i>Noordegraaf</i>
an older Flemish connection of the term Leeg-Duits: In a 1658 in Brugge
edited Flemish translation of a travel report was the language stated
as "Leegh-Duytsch". He comments:</span></div><div><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"><br></span></div><div><blockquote type="cite"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px">"</span><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">Leeg Duits wordt ook hier in oppositie met Nederduits (=Dutch - jk) gebruikt om de gewone volkstaal aan te duiden."</span></font></blockquote>
</div><div><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px">It remains open, wether and how there is a connection to the naming "Leeg Duits" for the mentioned </span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px">American-Dutch varieties.</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"><br></span></div><div><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"> 'Leeg Duits' in this interpretation means: <i>EN Plain/Humble Dutch, NL Laag/Plat Nederduits/Nederlands, DE Platt-Holländisch</i> (in contrast to Beschaaft/Voornaam/Deftig/Bible- Nederduits/Nederlands)</span></div>
<div><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"><br></span></div></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><b>b) leeg < ledig </b>EN empty/lone/free-minded DE leer/ledig/freisinnig NL leeg/frank en vrij(gezind)</span></font></div>
<div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">Noordegraaf quotes a letter (1972) from an American doctor <i>van Loon</i> aan de known Flemish dialectologist Willem Pée (1903-1986) saying:</span></font></div>
<div><br><span style="font-size:22px;font-family:'Times New Roman'"><blockquote type="cite"><span style="font-size:11pt;font-family:TimesNewRoman">…(50)
jaren geleede … een vriend van myn grootvader … heeft hy my te kennis
gegeven dat de naam ‘Läg Duits’– dewat is sinds 200 jaren vernomen als
‘Low Dutch’ is weezelyk niet ‘Laag’ (ook dewat zou dan ‘Laog’ weeze
tusse het volk) maar beteekent ‘Vry’ in de zin van ‘vry-gezind’ in
verglyking met ‘free’ corporally …</span></blockquote><div><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"><br></span></div>(≈…
50 years ago … I heard from a friend of my grandfather, that the name
'Läg Duits' - since 200 years heard as 'Low Dutch' - is essentially not
'Laag' <i>[EN Low]</i> (…) but means 'Free' in the sense of 'free-minded' in comparison with 'free' physically …)<br><br></span></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">and <i>Noordegraaf</i> adds the information out of the "Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal" (WNT) over ‘leeg’ or ‘ledig’:</span></font></div>
<blockquote type="cite"><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><p><span style="font-size:12.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman'">‘De oorsprong is niet met
zekerheid bekend; niet onwaarschijnlijk is samenhang met </span><span style="font-size:12.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman,Italic'">Lid </span><span style="font-size:12.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman'">(I). De bet. zou dan
oorspronkelijk zijn: de beschikking hebbende over zijne leden, en vandaar: vrij, onbelemmerd,
waaruit de latere toepassingen zijn voortgekomen’ (zie verder WNT 8,1: 1214). </span></p></span></font></div></blockquote><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">(The
origin is not certain … connection with NL 'lid' (EN limb, member, DE
Glied - jk) … original meaning: to dispose over his limbs/members … to
be free, unhindered … and there off-springing meanings.)</span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">In summary (2,b), a very kind and sympathetic interpretation of the naming "Leeg Duits" for this American-Dutch variety! - <i>EN Free-minded Dutch/Low German, NL Frank en Vrijgezind Nederlands, DE Freisinniges Niederländisch/Niederdeutsch.</i></span></font></div>
<div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><i><br></i></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">The hyperlinks to the pdf-essays of <i>Noordegraaf</i> are:</span></font></div>
<div style="font-size:18px"><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:20px"><a href="http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/15958/1/LEEG%20DUITSCH%20XI.pdf" target="_blank">http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/15958/1/LEEG DUITSCH XI.pdf</a></span></font></div>
<div style="font-size:18px"><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:20px"><a href="http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/23844/1/TEKST%208%20artikel.pdf" target="_blank">http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/23844/1/TEKST 8 artikel.pdf</a></span></font></div>
<div style="font-size:18px"><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:20px">3 Sample texts in Leeg Duits (together with Clara van Beek):</span></font></div><div style="font-size:18px"><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:20px"><a href="http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/19840/2/Artikel%209%20voor%20Nieuw%20Letterkundig%20Magazijn%20XXIX%20%282011%29.pdf" target="_blank">http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/19840/2/Artikel 9 voor Nieuw Letterkundig Magazijn XXIX (2011).pdf</a></span></font></div>
<div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><b>3 short extracts of Leeg Duits </b>(I & II in an simplified phonetic spelling)<b>:</b></span></font></div>
<div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">I. ‘dä prâte âlle hâr däuts än di tâit; lêx däuts’</span></font></div>
<div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="'Times New Roman'"><span style="font-size:22px">II. </span></font><span style="font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:18px">Authentically spoken Leeg Duits - in 1913 reported by professor John D.
Prince, New York. By himself written oral version of the parable of the prodigal son (Lucas 15: 11-32):</span></div><div><div><p style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:22px"><span style="font-size:12.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman'">En kääd’l [man] had twî jòngers; de êne blêv täus; de andere xöng vôrt f’n häus f’r en
stât. Hâi wâz nît tevrêde täus en dârkîs tû râkni </span><span style="font-size:12.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman'">ârm. </span><span style="font-size:12.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman'">Hâi doti ôm dât täus en z’n vâders
pläk. Tû zâide: äk zâl na häus xâne. Mâin vâder hät plänti. En tû de vâder zâ ’m
komme, hâi xöng äut en mûten’m en boste z’n zön en tû brot’m in h’m häus. Tû zâide te
de kääd’l, de xjehürde hânt: nâu xân en slâxt het kâl’v en tû nâ dât xân en nôd de büre
en komme met mâin en wâi zâl nâu en fîst häbbe. Mâin zön wât v’lôre wâs äs nâu ôm
täus. Nâu zâle wâi en xûje dânkbâr tâit häbbe. </span></p><div>III. Romeo en Julia in upstate New York</div><span style="font-size:18px">"Cuylers
gedicht uit 1719 gaat over twee jonge mensen die in eerste instantie
geen toestemming krijgen om te trouwen. Het verliefde stel vlucht in een
boot en probeert ver weg te varen." (Noordegraaf/van Beek)</span></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div>
<p><span style="font-size:12.000000pt;font-family:'TimesNewRoman'">Vader als het wesen can<br>
lat het doch geschide dan</span></p><div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;font:normal normal normal 16px/normal 'Luxi Serif'">lat ons trouwen [tot ons?] bate </div><div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;font:normal normal normal 16px/normal 'Luxi Serif'">
en de schade ons behoit</div><div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;font:normal normal normal 16px/normal 'Luxi Serif'">want ik sal ha[i]r noijt verlaten </div><div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;font:normal normal normal 16px/normal 'Luxi Serif'">
sij dragt van mijn vles en bloitit </div></div></blockquote><div style="font-size:24px"><span style="font-size:20px"><font face="'Times New Roman'"><br>Met echt-westfœlsken »Goutgaun!«</font></span></div><span style="line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;border-collapse:separate;letter-spacing:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;font-size:medium;white-space:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px"><span style="line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;border-collapse:separate;letter-spacing:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;font-size:medium;white-space:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px"><span style="line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;border-collapse:separate;letter-spacing:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;font-size:medium;white-space:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px"><span style="line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;border-collapse:separate;letter-spacing:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;font-size:medium;white-space:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px"><span style="line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;border-collapse:separate;letter-spacing:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;font-size:18px;white-space:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px"><span style="line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;border-collapse:separate;letter-spacing:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;font-size:14px;white-space:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px"><span style="line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;border-collapse:separate;letter-spacing:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;font-size:18px;white-space:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px"><span style="line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;border-collapse:separate;letter-spacing:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;font-size:18px;white-space:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px"><span style="line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;border-collapse:separate;letter-spacing:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;font-size:14px;white-space:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px"><span style="line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;border-collapse:separate;letter-spacing:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;font-size:22px;white-space:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px"><span style="line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;border-collapse:separate;letter-spacing:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;font-size:16px;white-space:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px"><span style="line-height:normal;text-indent:0px;border-collapse:separate;letter-spacing:normal;font-variant:normal;text-transform:none;font-style:normal;font-size:16px;white-space:normal;font-weight:normal;word-spacing:0px"><div>
<span style="font-size:14px"><div style="margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;font-size:20px"><font face="'Times New Roman'">joachim</font></div></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:18px">Kreimer-de Fries, <span style="white-space:pre-wrap"> </span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:18px">Osnabrügge => Berlin-Pankow</span> <br>
</div><span lang="en"><span></span></span></div><span lang="en"><span><br></span></span><div style="text-align:left">
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