-oa vs -oa
Campbell, R. Joe
campbel at indiana.edu
Fri Oct 23 19:00:08 UTC 2009
Quoting Michael Swanton <mwswanton at yahoo.com>:
>
> What is the basis of the derivational cycle of ?oa transitives
> derived from ?Vwi
> intransitives? If I remember correctly that was historically the
> case, but what would be the basis for it in a synchronic description?
>
Michael ihuan occequi nocnihuan,
I don't know much (if anything) about the historical
development of Nahuatl. Some of the very little that I think I
know is derived from working on the synchronic structure of the
morphology. This is related to my assumption that some
historical changes, for a time, leave evidence of themselves
embedded in the synchronic structure of the language and in some
cases later changes force the assumption that re-structuring
takes place.
Causative verbs in -oa are derivatonally related to
intransitive verbs in -ihui and -ahui. I should make clear my
ignorance of whatever historical factors resulted in this
relationship, but none are necessary to establish the synchronic
relationship. All we need are the formal regularity of verb pairs
in -ihui/-ahui and -oa and the corresponding semantic regularity
in their semantic relationships, and that does it.
Here are some intransitive/causative verb pairs that I think
any synchronic descriptive of "classical" Nahuatl needs to
recognize:
pehua it begins
nicpehualtia I start it (-ltia)
choloa he flees
quichololtia she chases him (-ltia)
quiza it emerges
ticquixtia you extract it (-tia)
ati(y)a it melts
nicatilia I melt it (-lia)
pozoni it boils
nicpozonia I boil it (-a; preceding
vowel does not elide)
temi it fills up
nictema I fill it up (-a; preceding
vowel elides)
nicocoya I get sick
and
onicocox I got sick
quicocoa it makes him sick (-a; -ya deletes)
Below is a list of -ihui and -ahui verbs that form their
causatives by substituting -oa.
Prefixes are indicated as either " =ni" or as " , ni-". Please
pardon the irregularity. |8-)
Iztayohmeh,
Joe
acalihui. it becomes grooved; it becomes furrowed. <a:tl1-calli-
v03a>. b.10 f.6 p.100b|
acaloa =nitla. acanalar madera o piedra. <p11-p51-a:tl1-calli-v03a-
caus06>. 55m-00|
ahuilihui =n. enuilecerse por los vicios; enuilecerse y apocarse por
los vicios. <p11-a:huiya-delya-l1-v03a>. 55m-8|
ahuiloa =nin. enuilecerse por los vicios; enuilecerse y apocarse por
los vicios. <p11-p54-a:huiya-delya-l1-v03a-caus06>. 55m-8|
camilihui. amarillecerse la fruta que comienza a madurar;
amarillecerse la fruta; que comienza a madurar; comenzar a madurar
la fruta; s; pintar la fruta; sazonarse la fruta. <camilli-v03a>.
55m-00|
camiloa , tla-. it makes things brown. <p51-camilli-v03a-caus06>.
b.11 f.11 p.108|
chichilihui , ni-. I become chili-red. <p11-dupl-chi:lli-v03a>. b.11
f.23 p.239|
chichiloa , nitla-. I color something red; I make something chili-
red. <p11-p51-dupl-chi:lli-v03a-caus06>. b.11 f.23 p.239|
comolihui. hazerse barrancoso lo que era llano. <como:lli-
v03a>. 71m2-4|
comoloa =nitla=. hazer hoyo grande. <p11-p51-como:lli-v03a-caus06>.
71m2-20|
conalihui. it becomes shiny. <conalli-v03a>. b.10 f.6 p.101b|
conaloaya , qui-. they shaved it. <p33-conalli-v03a-caus06-ya3>. b.2
f.5 p.100|
cuechihui. it becomes pulverized; it is porous. <cue:chtli-v03a>.
b.11 f.24 p.253|
cuechoa , mo-. it is pulverized; it is chewed; it is ground. <p54-
cue:chtli-v03a-caus06>. b.11 f.23 p.244|
cuechoa , nic-. I make it fine. <p11-p33-cue:chtli-v03a-caus06>. b.11
f.12 p.116|
cuelihui =ni. entortarse o torcerse. <p11-cue:lli-v03a>. 71m2-5|
cueloa =nitla. doblegar vara, o cosa semejante. <p11-p51-cue:lli-v03a-
caus06>. 71m2-5|
cuetlaxihui =ni. amortecerse de tristeza; desfallecer; desmayar se;
desmayarse. <p11-cuetlaxtli-v03a>. 55m-00|
cuetlaxoa =nino. desmayarse, o^amortecerse de tristeza.
<p11-p54-cuetlaxtli-v03a-caus06>. 71m2-5|
cuetlaxoa =nite=. desmayar a otro. <p11-p52-cuetlaxtli-v03a-caus06>.
71m2-5|
huacalihui =ni. encogerse los nieruos; encogerse los neruios. <p11-
huacalli-v03a>. 55m-7|
huacaloa , nic-. I make it concave. <p11-p33-huacalli-v03a-caus06>.
b.11 f.12 p.115|
huitolihui. it bends; it curves. <huitolli-v03a>. b.11 f.2 p.18|
huitoloa , tla-. he forms something in a curve. <p51-huitolli-v03a-
caus06>. b.10 f.2 p.27|
ihzolihui. enuegecerse la ropa o cosa assi. <ihzolli-v03a>. 55m-8|
ihzoloa , qu-. it ruins it. <p33-ihzolli-v03a-caus06>. b.6 f.6 p.69|
ilacatzihui =n. torcerse alguna cosa assi como la punta
de alesna o cosa semejante. <p11-ilacatztli-v03a>. 71m2-6|
ilacatzoa , tla-. she twists something. <p51-ilacatztli-v03a-caus06>.
b.10 f.2 p.36|
ixcaxihui =n. entortarse. <p11-i:xtli-caxitl-v03a>. 55m-8|
ixcaxoa =nite. quebrar a otro el ojo. <p11-p52-i:xtli-
caxitl-v03a-caus06>. 71m2-8|
ixpetzihui , on-. it becomes shiny, it becomes smooth. <o:-i:xtli-
petztli-v03a>. b.9 f.7 p.93|
ixpetzoa =nitla. acecalar; acepillar; alisar madera; barnizar de otra
manera (desta manera is barnizar con este barniz); bru¤ir papel;
mantas o cosas semejantes. <p11-p51-i:xtli-petztli-v03a-caus06>.
71m1-1|
ixtlahpalihui. daring; he is daring; it becomes hardy. <i:xtli-
tlahpalli-v03a>. b.11 f.5 p.39|
ixtlahpaloa =nino. atreuersse o osar. <p11-p54-i:xtli-tlahpalli-v03a-
caus06>. 55m-1|
maxalihui. apartarse dos caminos enla encruzijada, o dos ramas del
arbol, o dos rios o arroyos, o desatinar se y peruertirse alguno;
diuidir se los rios; diuidirse los rios; [y lo mismo dizen de los
caminos]. <ma:xatl-v01b-delya-l1-v03a>. 71m1-2|
maxaloa , nic-. I depart from it. <p11-p33-ma:xatl-v01b-delya-l1-v03a-
caus06>. b.11 f.26 p.267|
maxaloa =nic. hazer traycion la muger al marido o el a ella; hazer
traycion la muger a su marido; adulterando con otro; o el con otra.
<p11-p33-ma:xatl-v01b-delya-l1-v03a-caus06>. 55m-11|
maxelihui. esparzirse o desparramarse las ramas del arbol
o de cosa semejante. <ma:itl-xelli-v03a>. 71m2-9|
maxeloa =nitla. apartar co<n>^las manos gente yeruas ca¤as o cosa
assi para passar por ellas; apartar con las manos la gente para
passar entre ella; o apartar las yeruas y ca¤as o cosas semejantes;
para hender por ellas. <p11-p51-ma:itl-xelli-v03a-caus06>. 55m-1|
nepanihui in totlahtol =ahmo. dissension. <ah1-mo: poss-pan-v03a in
poss-p51-ihtahui-caus06-l1>. 71m1-8|
nepanoa , nic-. I join it. <p11-p33-poss-pan-v03a-caus06>. b.11 f.26
p.267|
ololihui. it becomes round. <olo:lli-v03a>. b.10 f.6 p.99a|
ololoa , c-. it makes it into a ball; it moves it; they pile it up;
they ball it together. <p33-olo:lli-v03a-caus06>. b.11 f.10 p.93|
pahzolihui. it becomes tangled; it becomes tousled; it becomes
matted; they become matted. <pahzotl-v01b-delya-l1-v03a>. b.10 f.6
p.111b|
pahzoloa , tla-. he makes confusion, he mixes things up. <p51-pahzotl-
v01b-delya-l1-v03a-caus06>. b.4 f.2 p.13|
petzihui. bru¤irse. <petztli-v03a>. 71m1-4|
petzoa , tla-. he burnishes something; he polishes something. <p51-
petztli-v03a-caus06>. b.10 f.2 p.28|
piacihui. it becomes slender; it lies flat. <piya:ztli-v03a .ahd>.
b.11 f.11 p.113|
piazoa =nitla. mear alzando la orina. <p11-p51-piya:ztli-v03a-
caus06>. 55m-13|
tapalihui. roncha hazerse. <tapalli-v03a>. 55m-17|
tapaloa , te-. it raises welts on someone. <p52-tapalli-v03a-caus06>.
b.11 f.9 p.89|
tatacalihui =ni. dessollarse con golpe. <p11-tataca-l1-v03a>. 71m1-
8|
tatacaloa =nitla. cauar, hazer hoyos peque¤os. <p11-p51-tataca-l1-
v03a-caus06>. 71m1-5|
xelihui =ni. henderse por si mesmo. <p11-xelli-v03a>. 55m-11|
xeloa =nitla. apartar ganado; rajar madera; partir o diuidir algo.
<p11-p51-xelli-v03a-caus06 +mis_analysis.4>. 55m-1|
zalihui. pegarse vno con otro. <za:lli-v03a>. 71m1-17|
zaloa , te-. he sets bones for people; she sets their bones. <p52-
za:lli-v03a-caus06>. b.10 f.2 p.30|
zaloa , tla-. he glues things; he glues; he sews things together;
it adheres; they adhere. <p51-za:lli-v03a-caus06>. b.4 f.3 p.21|
cototzahui. arrugarse persona; encogerse assi (assi is encoger como
costura). <cototztli-v03b>. 55m-1|
cototzoa , tito-. we fold ourselves. <p21-p54-cototztli-v03b-caus06>.
b.10 f.8 p.134b|
cototzoa =nino. assentarse de coclillas. <p11-p54-cototztli-v03b-
caus06>. 71m1-3|
tepitzahui. endurecerse alguna cosa. <tetl1-pi:tztli-v03b>. 71m2-17|
tepitzoa =nitla. endurecer algo. <p11-p51-tetl1-pi:tztli-v03b-
caus06>. 55m-7|
tezonahui. it becomes ruffled; it becomes rough; it becomes like
volcanic rock. <tezontli-v03b>. b.11 f.21 p.214|
tezonoa =nitla. hazer aspera alguna cosa, o rapar y raer
mucho el pelo dela cabeza el baruero que afeita. <p11-p51-tezontli-
v03b-caus06>. 71m2-16|
yacahuitzahui. aguzarse assi (assi is aguzada punta). <yacatl-
huitztli-v03b>. 71m1-1|
yacahuitzoa =nitla. aguzar punta o ser el primero o delantero de los
que caminan, o de los que estan puestos en orden; ahusar algo;
punta sacar. <p11-p51-yacatl-huitztli-v03b-caus06>. 71m1-1|
yecahui. acabarse de hazer algo. <ye:ctli-v03b>. 55m-00|
yecoa =nitla. acabar dar fin a la obra; acabar o concluyr obra;
concluir obra o razonamiento; concluir o acabar algo; espedir lo
impedido; hazer hasta el cabo; pelear; prouar el manjar. <p11-p51-
ye:ctli-v03b-caus06>. 55m-00|
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