<DIV>Indeed Amen I say!<BR><BR><B><I>"Swanton, M." <M.Swanton@LET.LEIDENUNIV.NL></I></B> wrote:
<BLOCKQUOTE class=replbq style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #1010ff 2px solid">Having an interest in dictionary making, I have been following this<BR>discussion with interest. As I understand it, the issue here is the tension<BR>between the descriptive and prescriptive functions of a dictionary.<BR>Investigators of course are usually more interested in accurate description<BR>of how language is actually used, whereas teachers are generally more<BR>interested in authoritive affirmations as to how the language should be used<BR>and written. There are surely many acceptable ways of resolving this tension<BR>in a work such as a dictionary, but Galen's point is well made: "But any<BR>such dicitonary should be very clear about what it is doing so that people<BR>are not misled".<BR><BR>-----Original Message-----<BR>From: brokaw@BUFFALO.EDU [mailto:brokaw@BUFFALO.EDU]<BR>Sent: maandag 13 september 2004 14:24<BR>To: NAHUAT-L@LISTS.UMN.EDU<BR>Subject: Re: Hippocrene
dictionary<BR><BR><BR>I have only sporadic access to email right now, so I am coming kind of<BR>late to this discussion. Also, I will apologize in advance (although I<BR>am writing this after finishing what comes below) for the length of<BR>this email. I am in Southern England right now without an umbrella, and<BR>it has been raining. And to get from where I am checking my email to<BR>wherever else I can go, I would have to get wet. So, rather than do<BR>that, I figured I would subject you to some of my perhaps senseless<BR>ramblings. :-)<BR><BR>I would just point out that the situation of the Nahuatl language makes<BR>the issues discussed in this thread very complicated. First, the<BR>expression of objects, places, concepts, etc. that did not originate in<BR>a Nahuatl context requires some kind of negotiation between Nahuatl,<BR>the object or concept, and often the language in which these objects or<BR>concepts were originally articulated. Sometimes that means using loan<BR>words;
other times it may mean coming up with a Nahuatl equivalent; or<BR>sometimes a combination of the two. But these negotiations happen<BR>naturally in communicative situations between native speakers. Given<BR>the fact that there is no official national or international body that<BR>makes decisions on what is permitted and what is not for Nahuatl such<BR>as is the case for Spanish, this means that for many Nahuatl lexical<BR>and grammatical elements, there will probably never be a "standard" to<BR>which one can refer. (Of course, even in the case of Spanish and other<BR>national langauges, this "standard" is misleading). This may be<BR>frustrating for people like us who tend to think in terms of "standard"<BR>language; but it probably more accurately reflects the nature of<BR>language and language change.<BR>It may be that the Nahuatl teacher made up the word tepoztelollotl, but<BR>maybe that is the way one community of speakers refers to a train.<BR>You can have the same experience
with words that are clearly Nahuatl in<BR>origin. I learned a colloquial expression from a native Nahuatl<BR>speaker; and when I reproduced it for another native speaker from<BR>another area, he had no idea what it meant or how it was used.<BR>Another thing to keep in mind is that there is a pragmatic dimension to<BR>communication that is not captured in dictionaries. Even the native<BR>speaker who translated the term literally as "metal corncob" may very<BR>well have understood the term to refer metaphorically to a train in a<BR>communicative context. Even though this was not a previously<BR>encountered metaphor, the pragmatic dimension of the communicative act<BR>might have made it clear.<BR>With regard to the more general issue of inventing Nahuatl words as<BR>opposed to just using loan words: given that Nahuatl is not the<BR>official language of a modern nation state that has an interest in<BR>standardizing the language, I don't know how you could call this<BR>elitist. Although
the thing with French is a purist position, purism in<BR>Nahuatl isn't necessarily elitist. But I see the general point. For me,<BR>the problem here isn't so much that it is elitist as that it is<BR>difficult to impose that kind of standard without the institutional<BR>power that comes with national languages, formal schooling, etc. Native<BR>speakers can certainly invent Nahuatl names for objects and concepts<BR>new to the Nahuatl language. But they have to convince the community of<BR>speakers to which they belong to accept these new terms. If they do,<BR>this means that there will be a lot more variation from one community<BR>of speakers to another than in national languages. But it can be<BR>frustrating if you get misled into thinking that topoztelollotl is<BR>commonly understood as train and it turns out to be one of the pet<BR>terms invented by some guy who is trying to impose it on the rest of<BR>the Nahuatl speaking and and Nahuatl learning world when in reality<BR>most (or
perhaps all?) native speakers just use the Spanish word "tren."<BR>So, ultimately, any dictionary will have to be either community<BR>specific; or if it aspires to be more comprehensive, it will have to<BR>give multi-regional listings with the source of each definition. I<BR>think this is one of the things that John was saying the dictionary<BR>does not do: it doesn't tell you where these definitions come from, if<BR>they are specific to a certain community, shared by some or most<BR>Nahuatl language communities, or invented specifically for the<BR>dictionary itself.<BR>I haven't looked at the dictionary, but from what John and some others<BR>have said, it seems to me that this is what is so problematic about it:<BR>it seems to want to act like a national language dictionary, but<BR>Nahuatl is not a national language. The point is not that they can't or<BR>shouldn't invent words like Checkoslavakia. Why not? This can be an<BR>interesting exercise. Personally, I don't think I would
have much use<BR>for such a dictionary, but there are people interested in reviving<BR>Nahuatl within non-traditional communities and contexts for whom such a<BR>dictionary might be useful.<BR>But any such dicitonary should be very clear about what it is doing so<BR>that people are not misled into thinking that it is some kind of<BR>universal, definitive, Nahuatl dicitonary. Of coure in the case of<BR>Checkoslavakia, it is probably clear to most people that this word is<BR>not one that has come up much in native Nahuatl discourse. But there<BR>may be other words that are not so obviously esoteric in daily Nahua<BR>life. I guess the point would be that they should be honest about the<BR>fact that they are participating in an exercise of linguistic<BR>innovation and attempting to set some kind of standard. Then, it would<BR>be up to any given linguistic community to adopt or ignore the lexical<BR>items proposed.<BR>For scholars interested in the language as it is used, for such
a<BR>dictionary to be useful and in any way authoritative, we would have to<BR>wait until these items were actually adopted by some community, or<BR>until some revivalist community is created that used them.<BR><BR>Galen<BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR>Quoting micc2 <MICC2@COX.NET>:<BR><BR>> Tlazcamati for your words Stephanie,<BR>><BR>> I just think that we should be careful of creating words that will<BR>> never<BR>> be used by the "common folk" It is easy to create words that will<BR>> serve no purpose<BR>> except to show how adroit a person is at manipulating a language.<BR>><BR>> especially when beginners like me are taught these "new words" as<BR>> canonical words that imply wide usage, we might end up talking<BR>> nonsense<BR>> to native speakers who might look at us with bemusement.<BR>><BR>> Many years ago a "nahuatl teacher" told me that to say "tren"<BR>> (train)<BR>> you said: tepuztelollotl. I said this word once to
another<BR>> Nahuatl<BR>> speaker, one who did not<BR>> put himself out there as a "maestro" and she said I had just said<BR>> "<BR>> it is a metal corncob"......hmmmm......<BR>><BR>><BR>><BR></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><p>
<hr size=1>Do you Yahoo!?<br>
<a href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/mail_us/taglines/aac/*http://promotions.yahoo.com/new_mail/static/ease.html">Yahoo! Mail Address AutoComplete</a> - You start. We finish.