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<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>With the level of interest and expertise on Mesoamerican birds
on this list, perhaps someone out there has suggestions concerning the “Calixtlahuaca
bird.” This is an emblem of a bird depicted on a number of stone reliefs
found at Calixtlahuaca (<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Toluca</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Valley</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>, Postclassic
period) by José García Payón in the 1930s. These are part of the corpus of
local reliefs, distinct from the better known corpus of Mexica-style sculptures
at the site. One of Emily Umberger’s drawings of the bird is found on an early
entry in our project blog:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><a
href="http://calixtlahuaca.blogspot.com/2007/02/what-was-ancient-name-of-city.html">http://calixtlahuaca.blogspot.com/2007/02/what-was-ancient-name-of-city.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>The various versions of the bird are quite similar. Some
stand alone, while others are depicted on the shield of a warrior. I have
wondered if this could be a depiction of the name of the ancient city, or
perhaps the name of the dynasty or a ruler. There are a few modern towns called
“Totoltepec” just north of Calixtlahuaca, but nothing links this
suggestive toponym to the modern <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on">village</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Calixtlahuaca</st1:PlaceName></st1:place> or to
the archaeological site. One interpretive difficulty is that four languages
were spoken in the vicinity in Postclassic times: Nahuatl, Otomi, Mazahua, and
Matlatzinca. My guess is that speakers of all four lived at the Postclassic
city, but that the founders (ca. 1100 AD) and perhaps dynasty were more likely
speakers of one of the non-Nahuatl languages.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>My father-in-law, a biologist with field experience in <st1:place
w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Mexico</st1:country-region></st1:place>,
identified this bird as possibly a flying turkey.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;text-autospace:
none'><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'>So,
any ideas out there on the identification of this bird, or its possible
significance in reliefs at Calixtlahuaca? Or perhaps updated information on the
linguistic prehistory of the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Toluca</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Valley</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> that might help us
figure out the language of the site?<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;text-autospace:
none'><font size=2 face=Arial><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
Arial'>(For the latter, I rely mostly on: </span></font><font face=Arial><span
lang=ES style='font-family:Arial'>García Castro, René 1999 <i><span
style='font-style:italic'>Indios, territorio y poder en la provincia
matlatzinca: la negociación del espacio político de los pueblos otomianos,
siglos XV-XII</span></i>. CIESAS, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e
Historia, and El Colegio Mexiquense, Mexico City and Toluca.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span lang=ES style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Some context on the sculptures can be found in: <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;text-autospace:
none'><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=ES style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
Arial'>Umberger, Emily<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;text-autospace:
none'><font size=3 face=Arial><span lang=ES style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:
Arial'>2007 Historia del arte e Imperio Azteca: la evidencia de las
esculturas. </span></font><i><font face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial;
font-style:italic'>Revista Española de Antropología Americana</span></font></i><font
face=Arial><span style='font-family:Arial'> 37:165-202.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;text-autospace:
none'><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><a
href="http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/Calix/Documents/Umberger-07-REAA.pdf">http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/Calix/Documents/Umberger-07-REAA.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in;text-autospace:
none'><font size=3 face=Arial><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=3 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=3 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><font size=3 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Mike</span></font><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Dr. Michael E. Smith</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Professor of Anthropology</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on"><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>School</span></font></st1:PlaceType><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> of <st1:PlaceName
w:st="on">Human</st1:PlaceName></span></font></st1:place><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> Evolution &
Social Change</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on"><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Arizona</span></font></st1:PlaceName><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">State</st1:PlaceType> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></span></font></st1:place><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><a href="http://www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/">www.public.asu.edu/~mesmith9/</a></span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
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