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<p>L'UMR 7023 a le plaisir de vous convier, dans le cadre des séances de son<br>
séminaire,<br>
<br>
le lundi 31 mars<br>
10h00-12h00, Université Paris VIII, 2, rue de la liberté, 93200<br>
Saint-Denis (métro Saint-Denis Université, ligne 13), bâtiment D, salle D<br>
143,<br>
<br>
à une conférence de Michela Russo (Université Paris 8/UMR 7023) & William<br>
John Barry (Universität des Saarlandes/Institut<wbr>e of Phonetics)<br>
<br>
intitulée<br>
<br>
"The Pairwise Variability Index: rhythmic values from Italian Dialects and<br>
Language Typological Implications"<br>
<br>
Résumé :<br>
<br>
In traditional views of rhythmic typology the rhythmic classification of a<br>
language was considered a given ‘primitive’, an inherent property of the<br>
language. In contrast, more recent studies see it as an emergent property,<br>
a product of both the phonotatics of the language and phonetic processes<br>
in production (Dauer 1987, Nespor 1990). Syllable complexity, possibly<br>
vocalic and consonantal length distinctions, stress-dependent vowel<br>
reduction and the propensity for phonetic vocalic and consonantal<br>
reduction processes (‘schwa-isation’<wbr>, weakening and elision, etc.) during<br>
speech are considered contributory factors to the rhythm of an utterance,<br>
and via this to the general rhythmic impression of a language. Critically,<br>
rhythm not only becomes measurable (Ramus et al. 1999, Grabe-Low 2002,<br>
Barry et al. 2003, Russo-Barry to appear) as a speech phenomenon rather<br>
than an inherent language property, but it also necessarily becomes a<br>
continuous rather than a categorical property.<br>
A comparison of Standard Italian and Southern Italian dialects is carried<br>
out using acoustic measures related to structural properties:<br>
Vowel-interval and consonantal inter-vowel-<wbr>interval durations are used to<br>
obtain rhythmic measures based on a number of approach.<br>
Italian is usually considered to be ‘syllable-timed’<wbr>: it has a relatively<br>
simple (CV-dominated) basic syllable structure, no phonological vowel<br>
length opposition and no phonological vowel reduction. On the other hand,<br>
it has a consonantal length distinction, and pronounced allophonic<br>
tonic-vowel lengthening. The structural features found in the dialects<br>
offer support for a divergence from the traditional assumption of<br>
syllable-timing. Distributional observations and durational measurements<br>
of tauto- and heterosyllabic VC sequences show that make a strictly<br>
syllable-timed rhythmic structure untenable. Phonetic and phonological<br>
evidence is presented to support the interpretation of Italian dialects as<br>
a stress-timed language. Although much of the dialect observations place<br>
the stress-timing evidence at the systemic rather than the realisational<br>
level, the non-systemic, ‘performance’ evidence points in the same<br>
direction.<br>
Rhythm measures are calculated according to Ramus et al. 1999, Grabe-Low<br>
2002, Barry et al. 2003, Russo-Barry to appear.<br>
The Ramus measures are (i) the proportion of vowels in the interpause<br>
streches ips (%V), (ii) the standard deviation of the Vowel duration in<br>
the ips (delta V) and (iii) the standard deviation of the intervocalic<br>
consonantal interval (delta C).<br>
The Grabe and Low measures correspond in essence to the Ramus variability<br>
measures, but are calculated in pairwise steps through the ips rather than<br>
globally across the ips. They are therefore called ‘Pairwise Variability<br>
Indices’ (PVIs). The difference (i) between consecutive vowels and (ii)<br>
between consecutive intervocalic intervals are averaged over the ips,<br>
giving a vocalic and consonantal variability measure. In the case of the<br>
vowel intervals, the difference is related to the sum of the two vowels.<br>
This ‘normalisation’ is claimed to be necessary (and possible) for the<br>
vowel intervals in order to counteract shifts in tempo because vowels vary<br>
more than consonants with tempo, and there is never more than one vowel in<br>
a vowel interval.<br>
We also present syllabically based PVI measures (PVI-Syll). It should be<br>
pointed out that, while capturing sequential variation, the PVI fails to<br>
maximise this possible advantage over the Ramus measures because vowel and<br>
consonant variation are calculated separately. The combined effect of<br>
vocalic and consonantal structure on an auditory rhythmic pattern is<br>
therefore not taken into consideration. PVI-Syll takes the consonant and<br>
vowel intervals together, reflecting the combined complexity of<br>
consonantal + vowel groupings in sequence within an interpause stretch.<br>
In agreement with predictions derived from phonological observation, the<br>
results of the above measures show a ‘rhythm plot’ in which the PVI-V and<br>
the PVI-Syll place the Italian dialect speakers nearer to the<br>
‘stress-timed’ languages than traditional typology statements would lead<br>
one to expect.<br>
<br>
References<br>
Asu, Eva Liina / Nolan, Francis (2005) “Estonian rhythm and the Pairwise<br>
Variability Index”, Procedeengs Fonetik 2005, Department of Linguistics,<br>
Götemborg University, 29-32.<br>
<a href="http://www.ling.gu.se/Konferenser/fonetik/2005.">http://www.ling.<wbr>gu.se/Konferense<wbr>r/fonetik/<wbr>2005.</a><br>
Barry, William John /Andreeva, Bistra / Russo, Michela / Dimitrova,<br>
Snezhina / Kostadinova, Tania (2003) “Do Rhythm Measures Tell us Anything<br>
about Language Type?”, Maria-Josep Solé / Daniel Recasens / Joaquin Romero<br>
(eds.), Proceedings of the 15th Internaional Congress of Phonetic<br>
Sciences, Barcelona, 3-9 August 2003, Barcelona: Causal Productions Pty<br>
Ltd, 2693-2696.<br>
Dauer, M. Rebecca (1987) “Phonetic and phonological components of language<br>
rhythm”, 11th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Tallinn,<br>
Estonia: U.S.S.R. / Academy of Science of the Estonian S.S.R., vol. 5,<br>
447-450.<br>
Grabe, Esther / Low, Ee Ling (2002) “Durational Variability in Speech and<br>
the Rhythm Class Hypothesis”, in Carlos Gussenhoven / Natasha Warner<br>
(eds.), Papers in Laboratory Phonology VII. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter,<br>
515-546.<br>
Nespor, Marina (1990) “On the rhythm parameter in phonology”, Roca Iggy<br>
M., (ed.), Logical Issues in Language Acquisition, Dordrecht:<br>
Foris,157-175.<br>
Ramus, Franck / Nespor, Marina / Mehler, Jacques (1999) “Correlates of<br>
linguistic rhythm in the speech signal”, Cognition 73, 265-292.<br>
Russo, Michela / Barry, William John (to appear) “Isochrony reconsidered.<br>
Objectifying relations between Rhythm Measures and Speech Tempo”, Speech<br>
Prosody 2008, 4th Conference on Speech Prosody, Campinas, May 6-9, 2008,<br>
Brazil.<br>
<br>
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