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<p>Le labex Empirical Foundations of Linguistics a la plaisir de vous convier à la série de quatre conférences de<br><div class="gmail_quote">
<div style="font-size:13px;font-family:arial,sans-serif;"><div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);"><br></div><div><div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);text-align:center;"><font color="#000099" size="4"><b>John Kingston</b></font></div>
<div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);text-align:center;"><font color="#666666">Professeur de Linguistique</font></div><div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);text-align:center;"><font color="#666666"> Département de Linguistique</font></div>
<div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);text-align:center;"><font color="#666666">de l'Université du Massachusetts</font></div><div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);text-align:center;"><br></div><div style="text-align:center;"><b>les 15, 22, 29 Mai et 5 Juin 2012 </b></div>
<div style="text-align:center;"><b>de 14:00 à 16:00h</b></div><div style="text-align:center;"><b><br></b></div><div style="text-align:center;"><blockquote type="cite"><div class="gmail_quote">
<div style="text-align:center;">
<b>Salle Benvéniste au 3ième étage</b></div><div style="text-align:center;"><b>à l'<span>ILPGA</span>, 19 rue des Bernardins, 75 005 Paris</b></div></div></blockquote><div>Métro: <span>Maubert</span>-Mutualité</div>
</div><div style="text-align:center;"><b><br></b></div><div style="text-align:left;"><br></div><div style="text-align:left;">Vous trouverez le résumé de ce <span>séminaire</span> ci dessous et en fichier joint.<br>
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<div style="text-align:left;">Pour toute information supplémentaire, contacter le correspondant labex EFL du professeur invité par le labex: Barbara Kuhnert,<a href="http://barbara.kuhnert@univ-paris3.fr/" style="color:rgb(17,85,204);" target="_blank"> barbara.kuhnert@univ-paris3.fr</a></div>
<div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);text-align:left;"><br></div>ou telephoner au 0615939471<br><div style="text-align:left;"><br><br>---<br><br></div><font size="4"><b>Listening to speech</b></font><br><font color="#000099" size="4"><b>John Kingston<br>
<br></b></font>Are the objects of speech perception auditory qualities or articulatory gestures? This course shows that this is<br>not a parochial question, of interest only to phoneticians and phonologists, but belongs to a much larger debate in<br>
psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and philosophy about the nature of percepts, which can itself be cast in<br>the form of an apparently simple as well as ancient question: are percepts in the world or in the head? In its modern<br>
form, this question is about whether and how cognition is embodied and extended rather than computed.<br>To listeners, sounds appear to occur in the world, where the sound-producing event occurs, e.g. speech sounds<br>appear to come from the speaker’s mouth. This phenomenological characteristic has motivated many philosophers<br>
to argue that auditory percepts are these external events or the objects that they produce in the world, and not the<br>sensations they produce in the listener. The external alternative is also encouraged by evidence that percepts are<br>
grounded in how the perceiver’s body interacts with the world, and that they may apprehend information arrays that<br>are wholly outside the perceiver. In this course, I contrast this external or embodied and extended account with<br>
the internal alternative (which I advocate), that auditory percepts must be in the head, because they are produced by<br>considerable mental computation, including sophisticated inferences, and that the apparent external phenomenological<br>
character of sounds is a projection into the world of the outputs of these computations and inferences.<br>The choice here is between a theory about the overt, public, or phenomenological aspects of auditory percepts<br>
versus one about the covert, private, and internal processes that produce those aspects. Regardless of whether the<br>
listeners is perceiving speech or some other kind of sound, I argue that the theory should first account for the covert<br>internal processes and then use their mechanisms and outputs to account for the overt characteristics of percepts.<br>
For example, it should acknowledge that listeners separate concurrent vowels perceptually and produce the cocktail<br>party effect by the vowels’ spectral prominences rather than their entire spectra, by their perceived pitches rather than<br>
such waveform properties as misaligned harmonics or asynchronous pitch periods, and via glimpses of one vowel’s<br>formants during brief intervals when they are more prominent than the other’s rather than via the gestalt principle of<br>
good continuation. Even though I argue that percepts are first in the head and only eventually in the world, the course’s<br>ultimate goal is to reconcile and integrate evidence from empirical studies of listeners’ behavior with philosophical<br>
and psychological arguments based on their phenomenological experience.<br>How do the competing accounts of the objects of speech perception represent competing sides in this larger debate?<br>According to the motor theory, listeners recognize speech sounds by internally emulating the articulation of the sound<br>
they have just heard and matching the internal acoustic simulacrum produced by the emulation to the heard sound’s<br>acoustics. By relying on emulation of the speaker’s articulations, the motor theory instantiates embodied cognition.<br>
According to the direct realist theory, no emulation is necessary because a speech sound’s articulation so structures the<br>signal’s acoustic properties that they provide all the information needed to identify the responsible articulation. Be-<br>
cause this information is in the world and its source can be recognized by inverting the transformation of articulations<br>into acoustics, direct realism instantiates extended cognition. Both the motor and direct realist theories also easily<br>
accommodate the integration of the visual information obtained from watching the speaker’s face with the auditory<br>information conveyed by the signal’s acoustic properties. According to the auditory alternative, emulation is unneces-<br>
sary because non-human listeners respond like human listeners to speech sounds, inversion is impossible because the<br>relationship between articulations and acoustics is many-to-many rather than one-to-one, and visual-auditory integra-<br>
tion must be late rather than immediate. Auditory transformations of speech sounds’ acoustic properties make it easier<br>for the listener to distinguish one speech sound from another by integrating psychoacoustically similar properties and<br>
also easier to parse the signal into its constituent sounds by exaggerating the perceived difference between successive<br>sounds. The auditory alternative also accounts for similarities between listeners’ responses to non-speech analogues<br>
and their responses to the original speech sounds.<br>This brief and selective review shows that the debate remains unresolved because the competing sides appeal to<br>different kinds of evidence. The auditory account relies on covert aspects of listeners’ responses to speech signals, the<br>
inaccessibility of articulations and internal computations, unconscious analogies, and inferences, while the articulatory<br>alternative relies on overt aspects of those responses, what the perceiver sees as well as what they hear and thus links<br>
of percepts to actions, how listening to speech is described, and how it differs from listening to non-speech.<br>The course first reviews the six decades of research on speech perception and its relationships to speech produc-<br>
tion since WWII, then situates speech perception within research in philosophy, cognitive science, neuroscience, and<br>artificial intelligence into sound perception, and ends by discussing new experimental studies of decisive predictions<br>
of the competing accounts.<br><br><br><br></div></div></div><div><div>Prof. Jacqueline Vaissière<br>
Membre Senior, Institut Universitaire de France<br>
Laboratoire de Phonétique et de Phonologie (LPP), UMR7018 ( <a href="http://lpp.univ-paris3.fr/" target="_blank">http://lpp.univ-paris3.fr</a>)<br>
Laboratoire d'excellence Empirical Foundations of Linguistics (EFL), Sorbonne Paris Cité<br>
Université Sorbonne Nouvelle et CNRS<br>ILPGA,
19 rue des Bernardins, 75005 Paris<br></div><div>tel: 06 15 93 94 71 (01 43 26 57 17: gestionnaire du laboratoire)<br><br><a href="http://www.personnels.univ-paris3.fr/users/vaissier/pub/ARTICLES/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.personnels.univ-paris3.fr/users/vaissier/pub/ARTICLES/index.htm</a><br>
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