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<p><font><br>Le labex Empirical Foundations of Linguistics a la plaisir de vous convier à la série de quatre conférences de</font><div class="gmail_quote"><div class="gmail_quote">
<div style="font-size:13px;font-family:arial,sans-serif;"><div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);"><font><br></font></div><div><div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);text-align:center;"><font color="#000099"><b>John Kingston</b></font></div>
<div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);text-align:center;"><font color="#666666">Professeur de Linguistique</font></div><div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);text-align:center;"><font color="#666666"> Département de Linguistique</font></div>
<div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);text-align:center;"><font color="#666666">de l'Université du Massachusetts</font></div><div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);text-align:center;"><font><br></font></div><div style="text-align:center;">
<font><b>les 15, 22, 29 Mai et 5 Juin 2012 </b></font></div>
<div style="text-align:center;"><font><b>de 14:00 à 16:00h</b></font></div><div style="text-align:center;"><font><b><br></b></font></div><div style="text-align:center;"><blockquote type="cite"><div class="gmail_quote">
<div style="text-align:center;">
<font><b>Salle Benvéniste au 3ième étage</b></font></div><div style="text-align:center;"><font><b>à l'<span>ILPGA</span>, 19 rue des Bernardins, 75 005 Paris</b></font></div></div></blockquote><div><font>Métro: <span>Maubert</span>-Mutualité</font></div>
</div><div style="text-align:center;"><font><b><br></b></font></div><div style="text-align:left;"><font><br></font></div><div style="text-align:left;"><font>Vous trouverez le résumé de ce <span>séminaire</span> ci dessous et en fichier joint.<br>
<br></font>
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<div style="text-align:left;"><font>Pour toute information supplémentaire, contacter le correspondant labex EFL du professeur invité par le labex: Barbara Kuhnert,<a href="http://barbara.kuhnert@univ-paris3.fr/" style="color:rgb(17,85,204);" target="_blank"> barbara.kuhnert@univ-paris3.fr</a></font></div>
<div style="color:rgb(80,0,80);text-align:left;"><font><br></font></div><font>ou telephoner au 0615939471<br></font><div style="text-align:left;"><font><br><br>---<br><br></font></div><font><b>Listening to speech</b><br></font><font color="#000099"><b>John Kingston<br>
<br></b></font><font>Are the objects of speech perception auditory qualities or articulatory gestures? This course shows that this is not a parochial question, of interest only to phoneticians and phonologists, but belongs to a much larger debate in psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and philosophy about the nature of percepts, which can itself be cast in the form of an apparently simple as well as ancient question: are percepts in the world or in the head? In its modern form, this question is about whether and how cognition is embodied and extended rather than computed.<br>
To listeners, sounds appear to occur in the world, where the sound-producing event occurs, e.g. speech sounds appear to come from the speaker’s mouth. This phenomenological characteristic has motivated many philosophers to argue that auditory percepts are these external events or the objects that they produce in the world, and not the sensations they produce in the listener. The external alternative is also encouraged by evidence that percepts are grounded in how the perceiver’s body interacts with the world, and that they may apprehend information arrays that are wholly outside the perceiver. In this course, I contrast this external or embodied and extended account with<br>
the internal alternative (which I advocate), that auditory percepts must be in the head, because they
</font>
<p class="MsoNormal"><font><span lang="EN-US">are produced by considerable mental
computation, including sophisticated inferences, and that the apparent external
phenomenological character of sounds is a projection into the world of the
outputs of these computations and inferences. The choice here is between a
theory about the overt, public, or phenomenological aspects of auditory
percepts versus one about the covert, private, and internal processes that
produce those aspects. Regardless of whether the listeners is perceiving speech
or some other kind of sound, I argue that the theory should first account for
the covert internal processes and then use their mechanisms and outputs to
account for the overt characteristics of percepts. For example, it should
acknowledge that listeners separate concurrent vowels perceptually and produce
the cocktail party effect by the vowels’ spectral prominences rather than their
entire spectra, by their perceived pitches rather than such waveform properties
as misaligned harmonics or asynchronous pitch periods, and via glimpses of one
vowel’s formants during brief intervals when they are more prominent than the
other’s rather than via the gestalt principle of good continuation. Even though
I argue that percepts are first in the head and only eventually in the world,
the course’s ultimate goal is to reconcile and integrate evidence from
empirical studies of listeners’ behavior with philosophical and psychological
arguments based on their phenomenological experience. How do the competing
accounts of the objects of speech perception represent competing sides in this
larger debate? According to the motor theory, listeners recognize speech sounds
by internally emulating the articulation of the sound they have just heard and
matching the internal acoustic simulacrum produced by the emulation to the
heard sound’s acoustics. By relying on emulation of the speaker’s
articulations, the motor theory instantiates embodied cognition. According to
the direct realist theory, no emulation is necessary because a speech sound’s
articulation so structures the signal’s acoustic properties that they provide
all the information needed to identify the responsible articulation. Be- cause
this information is in the world and its source can be recognized by inverting
the transformation of articulations into acoustics, direct realism instantiates
extended cognition. Both the motor and direct realist theories also easily accommodate
the integration of the visual information obtained from watching the speaker’s
face with the auditory information conveyed by the signal’s acoustic
properties. According to the auditory alternative, emulation is unneces- sary
because non-human listeners respond like human listeners to speech sounds,
inversion is impossible because the relationship between articulations and
acoustics is many-to-many rather than one-to-one, and visual-auditory integra- tion
must be late rather than immediate. Auditory transformations of speech sounds’
acoustic properties make it easier for the listener to distinguish one speech
sound from another by integrating psychoacoustically similar properties and also
easier to parse the signal into its constituent sounds by exaggerating the
perceived difference between successive sounds. The auditory alternative also
accounts for similarities between listeners’ responses to non-speech analogues and
their responses to the original speech sounds. This brief and selective review
shows that the debate remains unresolved because the competing sides appeal to different
kinds of evidence. The auditory account relies on covert aspects of listeners’
responses to speech signals, the inaccessibility of articulations and internal
computations, unconscious analogies, and inferences, while the articulatory alternative
relies on overt aspects of those responses, what the perceiver sees as well as
what they hear and thus links of percepts to actions, how listening to speech
is described, and how it differs from listening to non-speech. The course first
reviews the six decades of research on speech perception and its relationships
to speech produc- tion since WWII, then situates speech perception within
research in philosophy, cognitive science, neuroscience, and artificial
intelligence into sound perception, and ends by discussing new experimental
studies of decisive predictions of the competing accounts.</span></font><span lang="EN-US"><font><span> </span></font><span> </span></span></p>
<br><br><br><br></div></div></div><div><div>Prof. Jacqueline Vaissière<br>
Membre Senior, Institut Universitaire de France<br>
Laboratoire de Phonétique et de Phonologie (LPP), UMR7018 ( <a href="http://lpp.univ-paris3.fr/" target="_blank">http://lpp.univ-paris3.fr</a>)<br>
Laboratoire d'excellence Empirical Foundations of Linguistics (EFL), Sorbonne Paris Cité<br>
Université Sorbonne Nouvelle et CNRS<br>ILPGA,
19 rue des Bernardins, 75005 Paris<br></div><div>tel: 06 15 93 94 71 (01 43 26 57 17: gestionnaire du laboratoire)<br><br><a href="http://www.personnels.univ-paris3.fr/users/vaissier/pub/ARTICLES/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.personnels.univ-paris3.fr/users/vaissier/pub/ARTICLES/index.htm</a><br>
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</div><br><br clear="all"><br>-- <br><br><div><div>Prof. Jacqueline Vaissière<br>
Membre Senior, Institut Universitaire de France<br>
Laboratoire de Phonétique et de Phonologie (LPP), UMR7018 ( <a href="http://lpp.univ-paris3.fr/" target="_blank">http://lpp.univ-paris3.fr</a>)<br>
Laboratoire d'excellence Empirical Foundations of Linguistics (EFL), Sorbonne Paris Cité<br>
Université Sorbonne Nouvelle et CNRS<br>ILPGA,
19 rue des Bernardins, 75005 Paris<br></div><div>tel: 06 15 93 94 71 (01 43 26 57 17: gestionnaire du laboratoire)<br><br><a href="http://www.personnels.univ-paris3.fr/users/vaissier/pub/ARTICLES/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.personnels.univ-paris3.fr/users/vaissier/pub/ARTICLES/index.htm</a><br>
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