<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><font face="arial, sans-serif">Dear Yulha,</font><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif">I </font><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">too </span><span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">(along with native speakers) have been struggling to find answers for an orthographic representation using the Tibetan script for Stau, a sister language to your beautiful </span>Khroskyabs<span style="font-family:arial,sans-serif">. </span></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><br></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif">I think འ་ is a good choice for non-bilabial preinitials (<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">nd, nt, ntʰ, ŋg, ŋk, ŋkʰ, etc.) and for bilabial preintials before labials. We have chosen to use མ་ as the bilabial nasal preinitial before non-labials (m- is a distinctive preinitial phoneme in Stau and Khroskyabs). This choice is phonological and </span></font><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">sociolinguistic (following Tibetan)</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">. I think these sociolinguistic factors need to be considered; because of the large number of </span>loanwords from<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif"> Tibetan in Stau and </span>Khroskyabs<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">, and since Tibetan is a dominant language, and many speakers learn Tibetan spelling rules. </span></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br></span></font></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">For </span></font><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">ʁ/χ, we could use just one grapheme to represent this phoneme, since in Stau, like Khroskyabs, we have voicing assimilation depending on the initial consonant. However, I have decided to follow Sakya Pandita's Law, which is ག་ before accutes (palatals and dentals) and ད་ before graves (labials and velars), again because of sociolinguistic reasons; since the large number of Tibetan loanwords obey this, but also because it works phonologically. This then provides an interesting solution for </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">ɣ/x: we can reverse Sakya Pandita's Law and so that when </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">ག་</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif"> occurs before graves it is </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">ɣ/x and when it occurs before accutes it is </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">ʁ/χ. The same goes for </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif"> </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">ད་: when occurring before accutes it is </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">ɣ/x, and before graves it is </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">ʁ/χ. This doesn't entirely solve the whole problem in terms of sociolinguistic acceptability; for example, while <i>ʁdi </i>'erroneous' would be written གདི་ and abides by Tibetan spelling rule, </span><i style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">ɣdi</i><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif"> 'flat' would be written དདི་, which breaks Tibetan spelling rules. Fortunately, we don't have ɣ- before velars, so we can avoid something like གགུ་ for *ɣgə. </span></div><div><br></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">v/f </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">can simply be represented with</span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif"> བ་. This follows the voicing assimilation rule and is satisfactory sociolinguistically for the most part, but there are some collocation clashes for Tibetan spelling rules. </span><br></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">s/z can simply be represented with ས་. There are still some problems for this with Stau because there are minimal pairs with nasal initials and palatal approximate initials. We can discuss this further if you like. </span><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br></span></font></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">I'm not sure about </span><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif">l/ɬ, because we don't have this in Stau as a phonemic preinitial. I guess if you are in the spirit of breaking spelling rules, then why not ལ་. </span></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div><font color="#000000" face="arial, sans-serif">So as you can see, and to answer your question, I think you should just represent a single phoneme as a single phoneme (the "underlying form"). You are going to have a hard enough time finding acceptable spellings just for that. </font></div><div><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:arial,sans-serif"><br></span></div><div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><span style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">I'm interested in your decisions; it will help in making decisions with the Stau community since these two languages have so much overlap. We really need to sit down over some butter tea and hammer this out at some point. </span></font></div></div><font face="arial, sans-serif"><div><br></div><div><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif">--</span><br style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><div dir="ltr" style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif"><div dir="ltr"><span style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0)">Best regards,</span><div><span style="background-color:rgba(255,255,255,0)"><br><b>Jesse P. Gates, PhD<br></b>Nankai University, School of Literature 南开大学文学院<br><a href="https://nankai.academia.edu/JesseGates" target="_blank">https://nankai.academia.edu/JesseGates</a></span></div></div></div></div></font></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Jan 17, 2022 at 4:49 PM Yu Lha <<a href="mailto:abayina@gmail.com">abayina@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0)">Hello all, </p><p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><br></p><p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0)">I have been working on an orthography for my mother tongue Khroskyabs and I ran into a difficulty regarding the ‘depth’ of orthography, meaning the level of linguistic structure to represent orthographically. <span> I have been consulting with Yunfan and</span> I am hoping to get your insights on this.</p>
<p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);min-height:15px"><br></p>
<p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0)">The orthography is based on Tibetan alphabets which the speakers are already familiar with. The question that I ran into is whether or not to reflect allophonic contrasts with different graphemes.<span> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);min-height:15px"><br></p>
<p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0)">There are both pros and cons for either way. With my priority being language revitalization with high learnability, I am even thinking about combining both systems to maximize the sound-spelling transparency while simplifying some allophones with existing Tibetan preintials.<span> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);min-height:15px"><br></p>
<p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0)">The allophonic variation cases:<span> </span></p>
<p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0)">pre-initial allophonic nasal: mb, mpʰ, mp, nd, nt, ntʰ, ŋg, ŋk, ŋkʰ<span> </span>(For this contrast, I decided to use <span style="font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:Kokonor">འ</span>)</p>
<p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0)">Other pre-initial cases: <ʁ χ> , <ɣ x>, <v f>, <l ɬ>,<span> </span><s z></p>
<p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);min-height:15px"><br></p>
<p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0)">Any suggestions on how to represent the distinction between surface and underlying forms orthographically is appreciated. <span> </span></p><p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span><br></span></p><p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span><br></span></p><p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span>Best,</span></p><p style="margin:0px;font-stretch:normal;line-height:normal;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0)"><span>Yulha</span></p>
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