<P>It appears Meluhhan had Austronesian, Dravidian and Old Indo-Aryan (perhaps IE) substrates in a linguistic area between ca. 3300 BCE and ca. 1500/1400 BCE. [Earliest inscribed object was found at Harappa dated ca. 3300 BCE; inscribed objects were found at Dwaraka and Daimabad ca. 1500 and 1400 BCE respectively.] Here is the code.<BR><BR>See <U><FONT color=#0000ff>http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/mlecchita.htm</U></FONT> [Mlecchita <BR>Vikalpa, cypher-writing, the code of inscribed objects]<BR><BR>The Vedic chant refrain is:<BR><BR>hiran.ya garbham garbhastham hemabi_jam vibha_vasoh<BR>anantapun.ya phaladam atah s'a_ntim prayaccha me</P>
<P>Trans. The womb of gold is shining with the seed of gold; may it yield many blessings and peace to me.<BR><BR>Garbha! The womb. The philosophical Upanis.ad refrain is: from being <BR>to becoming.<BR><BR>The same imagery is evoked by metal-smiths.<BR><BR>See the use of rebus glyphs for the following lexemes:kut.hi and <BR>bat.hi, 'furnace'. The glyphs and lexemes are <BR>at :<U><FONT color=#0000ff>http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/munda/furnace1.pdf</U></FONT><BR>Mlecchita vikalpa of the inscribed objects of the Sarasvati Sindhu <BR>Valley Civilization (SSVC) seem to unravel.<BR><BR>Take for instance, the most dominant glyph, the 'jar' with <BR>orthographic emphasis on the 'rim' of the jar [as distinct from <BR>another glyph which shows a rimless, wide-mouthed pot].<BR>The rebus for this glyph is: kan.d.a kanka which in Santali means: <BR>kan.d.a, pot; kanka = rim; also, kan.d., 'furnace'. kanka = gold or, <BR>kan- copper-work (Tamil). The glyph is also ligatured to a water-!
<BR>carrier glyph: ka_jaha_ra, 'water-carrier', 'glass-bronze-worker'. <BR><U><FONT color=#0000ff>http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/html/Waterc2.jpg</U></FONT><BR><U><FONT color=#0000ff>http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/html/Varia-12-t.jpg</U></FONT><BR><BR>Or, the device depicted in front of the one-horned male heifer. Both <BR>pictorials are ligatures: the device is a ligature of a portable <BR>furnace and a gimlet (of a lathe). The heifer is a ligature composed <BR>of a curved horn, a pannier, a heifer with pronounced rings on the <BR>neck. All these orthographic components can be unravelled. E.g. <BR>san:gad.a = portable furnace; san:gad.a = lathe; jan:ga_d.iyo = <BR>military guard accompanying the treasure into the treasury (All <BR>Gujarati). cf. kat.avu = a turning lathe (Tamil) <BR><U><FONT color=#0000ff>http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/html/H196b.jpg</U></FONT><BR><U><FONT color=#0000ff>http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/html/standard1-t.jpg</U></FONT><BR><BR>va_hur.o!
= heifer (Punjabi); va_karan- = soldier (Tamil). The one <BR>horn shown ligatured to the heifer is kot. And kod. is artisan's <BR>workshop (Santali); cognate Skt. gos.t.ha 'cowpen'. <BR><BR>kan.d.hli_ = ring round the neck; necklace of beads (See the rings on <BR>the neck of the bull)A phonetic determinant of this substantive using <BR>a homonym is the pannier is kan.t.la (Telugu); kan.t.an- 'warrior' <BR>(Tamil); gan.d.a 'hero' (Skt.) [See also kan.t.am 'an iron style for <BR>writing on palm leaves' (Tamil); khan.d.a 'an instrument, weapon' <BR>(Skt.); ka~_t.a_l.u_ (G.)(CDIAL 2678) cf. kan.d.ali = billhook] Thus <BR>when a ligature is depicted showing two heifer heads with one horn <BR>each and rings on the neck both linked to a 'standard device' <BR>[san:gad.a] with emanating nine leaves, the mlecchita vikalpa can be <BR>interpreted as: nine bill-hooks! or nine bill-hooks of the warrior! <BR><U><FONT color=#0000ff>http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/munda/mundan9.jpg</P></U><!
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<P><BR>The ligature of two necks of the heifer is related to the lexeme for 'two', barea. Rebus: bari = merchant. Thus, the complex ligatured representation on the seal relates to a soldier in metal (ore) merchant's smithy. <B>loh barea kod. va_hur.o</P></B>
<P><BR>One of the many fish glyphs can be rebus: hako, 'fish', hako, 'axe' <BR>(Bond.a; cf. the Munda etymological dictionary compiled by the late <BR>Bhattacharya). It is a countable object as evidenced by the short <BR>numeral strokes which are shown next to the fish glyph. The numerals <BR>seem to be Munda, e.g. numeral used for the count of, 'nine'; lo= <BR>nine (Santali), loa = fig leaf, ficus glomerata; loh = metal (ore). <BR>Nine fig-leaves are shown on a few inscribed objects as phonetic <BR>determinants of the morpheme, lo, 'metal (ore)'. <BR><U><FONT color=#0000ff>http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/munda/mundanine.htm</U></FONT><BR><BR>Who else but a metal-worker or blacksmith had the competence to write <BR>on a weapon itself or on copper plates? There are inscriptions on a <BR>gold pendant; on a gold pectoral; there is a monolithic inscription <BR>on aan advertisement board adorning the northern gate at Dholavira <BR>(where well-polished stone pillars and ring-stone!
s were also found, <BR>apart from a stone image of a monitor lizard); the 'standard device' <BR>is incised on a gold fillet (worn on the forehead,e.g. the priest <BR>statuette). See the tradition of use of copper plates in Bha_rata to <BR>record property transactions. Many glyphs [perhaps as many as 300+ <BR>signs and pictorial motifs (or field symbols)] can be explained as <BR>products made by the lapidary or metal-worker and the professions <BR>themselves of a military guard, a trader or a trader-helper or the <BR>workshop, kol- (tiger, kill -- both pictorially represented). The <BR>tradition of literacy created by the artisan-artist continues into <BR>the historical periods: use of copper plates to record property <BR>transactions, use of as.t.aman:galaka ha_ra (or aimpat.aitta_li) on <BR>yaks.i-s depicted by vis'vakarma_ sculptors on Barhut stu_pas with 8 <BR>or 13 weapon symbols on necklaces worn, depiction of mu_rti-s of <BR>godesses with multiple arms carrying multiple !
weapons. A seal-maker, <BR>an ivory worker, a stone sculptor -- the artistic legacy continues.<BR>Take for instance the glyphs which appear on the Anau stone seal or <BR>on tin ingots found in a ship-wreck at Haifa (yes, Haifa, Israel). <BR>They are comparable to the glyphs on many inscribed objects of SSVC <BR>(not Cretan symbols). There seems to have been a search for minerals <BR>(arsenic, tin in particular) to harden by alloying with the copper <BR>tools. So, ran:ku, 'tin', ran:ku, 'antelope', ran:ku, 'liquid <BR>measure'. Groups of functionaries can be depicted by ligatured <BR>animals; surprise! san:gad.a = joined animals (Mara_t.hi).<BR><BR>Va_tsya_yana's Ka_masutra describes 64 arts to be learnt; one of <BR>these is 'mlecchita vikalpa', interpreted as 'cryptographic writing'. <BR>Mleccha was a Meluhhan; concordant with Pali, milakku, 'copper'. Yes, <BR>the same mleccha which both Vidura and Yudhis.t.hira could speak and <BR>understand.<BR><BR>We seem to be dealing with!
a linguistic area (substratum!) of <BR>artisans, between the Tigris-Euphrates doab and the Sindhu-Sarasvati <BR>doab (south of the Oxus), an area which Emeneau surmises after <BR>compiling the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary. Meluhhan needed an <BR>interpreter in Mesopotamia (as shown on a cylinder seal), so Mleccha <BR>is likely to be something different from Sumerian [which of course, <BR>had substrates (borrowings?) such as tibira, 'merchant' -- <BR>ta_mra, 'copper'; san:ga, 'priest', sa_n:gvi_, 'priest, pilgrim's <BR>guide' (Gujarati)].<BR><BR>It appears the ancestors of Roma, Dom, Munda, kan-n-a_n <BR>(Tamil, 'coppersmith') were metal workers who had the competence to <BR>write to connote property possessions or to prepare bills of lading <BR>for products of lapidaries/metalsmiths traded -- either on sealings <BR>or on tablets-in-bas relief. So the svastika_ is found in an extended <BR>area, even in Tepe Yahya apart from over 50 inscribed objects of SSVC <BR>with this !
glyph. It was an object, a metal object, satthiya_, knife. <BR>[or, hypersanskritisation: s'akti, 'lance']. See also the URL and <BR>similar rebus homonym pages: <BR><U><FONT color=#0000ff>http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/html/decipher10.htm</U></FONT><BR><BR>They adored the peacock, 'maraka'. The lexeme also connoted <BR>the 'dead'. Hence, its depiction on funerary pots and plates, <BR>together with a black buck, 'marg' (homonym; Skt. mr.ga).<BR>Not personal names, these glyphs. For, within a statistically small <BR>population of about 3000 inscribed objects, there are over 200 <BR>inscribed objects with no 'sign', but with just 'pictorial motifs' <BR>and about 300 with just one or two 'signs'. <BR><U><FONT color=#0000ff>http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/html/K067at1.jpg</U></FONT><BR><U><FONT color=#0000ff>http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/pictures/Ai6.jpg</U></FONT> There are over 300 <BR>objects with repetitive inscriptions.<BR><BR>As the code unravels, so does the herita!
ge of the early metal-workers <BR>in search of minerals over an extensive area spread from Ropar in <BR>Punjab to Ur in Sumer; from Tepe Yahya close to the Caspian Sea to <BR>Daimabad on the banks of Pravara river, a tributary of Godavari <BR>river; across Dilmun, Magan, Mehrgarh into the Sapta-Sindhu upto <BR>Rakhigarhi on the banks of Dr.s.advati river, a tributary of <BR>Sarasvati river, 150 kms. northwest of Delhi.<BR><BR>Mlecchita vikalpa. The code. Rebus. Bha_s.a_ (Syn. linguistic area, <BR>substratum!). Professions, tools of trade of/products made by <BR>professionals and artisans, starting ca. 3300 BCE at Harappa (cf. the <BR>1998 discoveries reported by Kenoyer and Meadow). </P><BR><BR>http://hindunet.org/saraswati<br>http://www.yahoogroups.com/group/IndianCivilization<br>http://sanskrit.bhaarat.com http://members.tripod.com/~navagraha <br>http://www.geocities.com/BourbonStreet/Delta/287 (S'iva)<p><br><hr size=1><b>Do You Yahoo!?</b><br>
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