<HTML><FONT FACE=arial,helvetica><FONT SIZE=2>The situation with respect to nasality becomes much more complicated when the
<BR>Catawban languages are brought into the picture. Unlike the Siouan
<BR>languages, there is no evidence to suggest that /m/ and /n/ are secondary
<BR>developments from *w and *r before a nasal vowel. Rather, *m, *n,*w and *r
<BR>must be reconstructed as independent phonemes for Proto-Catawban,along with a
<BR>contrast between long and short oral vowels and (inherently long) nasal
<BR>vowels. There is good documentation to show that, in the mid-1800s, Catawba
<BR>began undergoing a process of denasalization, whereby /m/ and /n/ partially
<BR>and then fully denasalized before an oral vowel that was not followed by a
<BR>nasal consonant. This process, when combined with loan words and a voicing
<BR>of /p/ and /t/ to [b] and [d] before voiced consonants resulted in the
<BR>creation of new phonemes /b/ and /d/. In addition, the phoneme *r was
<BR>nasalized to /n/ in word-initial position when followed by a nasal vowel or
<BR>an oral vowel plus a nasal consonant. Elsewhere, initial *r merged with /d/.
<BR>
<BR>A major contrast between the two documented dialects of Catawba, which
<BR>Siebert named Saraw and Esaw, is that the former frequently (but not always)
<BR>has nasal vowels where the latter has long oral vowels, e.g., Saraw ki~ the :
<BR>Esaw ki: the; Saraw ka~ya: terrapin (accent on the first vowel) :Esaw ka:ya:
<BR>terrapin (accent on the first vowel). There appear to have been similar
<BR>differences between Woccon and Catawba (both dialects), as illustrated by
<BR>Woccon Wittaw Rat (/wi:ta:?/) versus Catawba (both dialects) wi~ta:? rat,and
<BR>Woccon Ikettau Bread and Catawba (both dialects) ikta~? baked.
<BR>
<BR>There are also differences in the distribution of nasal versus oral vowels
<BR>between Catawba and Proto-Siouan. For example, the verb meaning give is ku~
<BR>in Catawba, versusProto-Siouan *k?u:.
<BR>
<BR>At present, based on the Catawba data and at least some of the irregular sets
<BR>within Siouan, I lean toward the reverse of the usual explanation for the
<BR>development of the nasal/oral distribution within Siouan, that is, that
<BR>pre-Proto-Siouan (Proto-Siouan-Catawban) distinguish phonemes *m,*n, *r, *w
<BR>and oral and nasal vowels, and that the nasalization of *r and *w to*n and *m
<BR>before nasal vowels, and the denasalization of *m and *n to *w and *r before
<BR>oral vowels was a Proto-Siouan innovation – an innovation that was not
<BR>implemented in the Catawban languages until the mid-1800s.
<BR>
<BR>Blair
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