<HTML><FONT FACE=arial,helvetica><FONT SIZE=2>On reduplication, Catawba also exhibits reduplication (but only of verb
<BR>roots). It is used to express continued or sustained action in space or
<BR>time, as well as intensification and distribution of the action. Examples
<BR>are: w’aN?hire: ‘one jumps’, waN?w’aN?hire: ‘one hops, one keeps on
<BR>jumping’; bú:?hire: ‘it sparks, flashes, shoots (of a gun)’, bu:?b’u:?nire:
<BR>‘it sparkles’; k’a:?hire: ‘one hits it’, ka:?k’a:?hire: ‘one beats it, one
<BR>strikes it repeatedly’.
<BR>
<BR>On the etymology of the root haN- ‘night’, the Catawba word for night
<BR>(w’ic^a:w) is unrelated, but there is a verb h’aNnapire: ‘one passes the
<BR>night, one spends the night’ which probably contains a cognate.
<BR>
<BR>On the issue of winter used in counting years, all of the Northern Iroquoian
<BR>languages use the root for winter when stating how many years old someone or
<BR>something is. In addition, in Tuscarora, the root for winter (Proto-Northern
<BR>Iroquoian *-ohsr-) evolved into the regular word for year, and a new word for
<BR>winter was created.
<BR>
<BR>On the subject of the origin of /mn/ clusters, the Catawba cognate to La
<BR>yamni ‘three’ is ná:mina. The /i/ in the word may be epenthetic, since /i/
<BR>occurs elsewhere in the language to break up consonant clusters. (Catawba
<BR>does not exhibit cognates for lake, water, flat or smell). The Catawba form
<BR>suggests that, at least in pre-Proto-Siouan, the word had an *mn cluster.
<BR>
<BR>Blair
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