<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD>
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<META content="MSHTML 5.00.2919.6307" name=GENERATOR></HEAD>
<BODY>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff face=Arial size=2><SPAN class=830232516-06032002>Thanks
for the helpful comments and data. I'm still revising this paper and will
probably do a version of it for the SSILA meeting next Jan.
</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff face=Arial size=2><SPAN
class=830232516-06032002></SPAN></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff face=Arial size=2><SPAN class=830232516-06032002>I must
say I've always had a problem interpreting verb classes using the available
Dakotan materials. The Buechel dictionary (1970) lists each verb as being
v.a. (active) or v.n. (neutral). The problem is that I suspect B. was
using a semantic rather than a purely morphological definition of "neutral", and
not every entry has a first person example. It seems clear though that the
*raka- verbs deserve more attention in this regard though.</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff face=Arial size=2><SPAN
class=830232516-06032002></SPAN></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff face=Arial size=2><SPAN
class=830232516-06032002>Bob</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV align=left class=OutlookMessageHeader dir=ltr><FONT face=Tahoma
size=2>-----Original Message-----<BR><B>From:</B> Rgraczyk@aol.com
[mailto:Rgraczyk@aol.com]<BR><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, March 05, 2002 3:21
PM<BR><B>To:</B> siouan@lists.colorado.edu<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: instrumental
*daka-<BR><BR></DIV></FONT><FONT face=arial,helvetica><FONT size=2>In his
paper "A diachronic perspective on active/stative alignment in Siouan, Bob
Rankin wrote:<BR><BR>"Dakotan has innovated a great many statively-marked
verbs with the <I>ka-</I> 'by striking' instrumental prefix (Xmelnitsky,
Siouan e-list), but comparative evidence makes it highly unlikely that stative
verbs in Proto-Siouan could take any instrumental prefix except <I>*Ra</I> 'by
heat' (which is typically stative). Other instrumentals always seem to
have the effect of raising the "activity" level of the verb, i.e., they make
the verb active or transitive." (p. 13)<BR><BR>Crow has a fairly extensive set
of stative verbs with the dak- prefix, which is cognate with Dakotan
ka-. The following is a sampling: dakka'hpi 'blown away by the wind',
dakku'c^i 'swing, wave', daksaks^i' 'fit into', daks^i'pi 'slow (animate)',
daku'xs^i 'quick, frisky, energetic' (Hi nako'xti 'light in weight'),
dappi'axi 'light in weight', dappi'c^i' soaked', dappu's^i 'swollen',
das^s^ipi' 'cave in, sink in, collapse', das^s^ua' 'bent, dented' (Hi naks^ua
'dent'), dac^c^eepi' 'penetrate, go inside the body', dac^c^ic^i' 'winded,
exhausted', daxc^i' 'choke, gag' (Hi na'ks^i 'choke'). (Note that in
Crow the k of the dak- prefix often assimilates to the following
obstruent.)<BR><BR>Boas and Deloria (p. 46-48) give lists of stative verbs
with the ka- prefix, both those that occur only as statives, and another set
that may be used as both actives and statives. B and D note that verbs
with the ka- prefix often express action 'by the wind, current, or other
natural forces'. Several of the Crow verbs have this type of
meaning. Also, there is at least one Crow form that can occur both
actively and statively: daxc^i' 'tie, tie up, imprison' (active); 'choke, gag'
(stative). A derived form of this stem is a'ap-daxc^i 'hang (execute)'
(active); 'hang by the neck' (stative). I suspect that there may be a
few more that can be used both actively and statively, but I need to
check.<BR><BR>It seems unlikely to me that both Dakotan and Missouri River
Siouan would have independently innovated in such similar ways. I would
suggest that the stative usage of *daka- may go back to Proto-Siouan. It
would be nice to have some corroboration from other branches of the family,
but I don't know if there is any.<BR><BR>Randy</FONT>
</FONT></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>