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<small>1)<br>
In an historical listing of family heads in "Records of the Bureau of
Indian Affairs<br>
Standing Rock Agency, Fort Yates, North Dakota Roll 5A: Record of
Rations Issued 1885
(<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="http://www.primeau.org/StandingRock1885families.html">http://www.primeau.org/StandingRock1885families.html</a>)
I found the
following proper names:<br>
<br>
"Miniowicakte - Kill In the Water" (a)<br>
"Tiowicukte - Kill In the House" (b)<br>
<br>
2)<br>
Buechel S.J. has in his dictionary:<br>
<br>
tiwicakte [thi'wic^hakte] - a murderer, to commit murder (c)<br>
tikte [thikte'] - to murder (d)<br>
and also<br>
tiokte [thio'kte] - to kill in the house, commit homicide (e)<br>
<br>
As it seems,<br>
(a) is _mni owicakte_ [mni-o'wicha-kte] or [mni-owi'cha-kte]??,<br>
(b) tiowicakte [thi-o'wicha-kte] or [thi-owi'cha-kte ??] (*_wicu_
looks like a typo, as there are quite some mistakes in the listing)<br>
<br>
Given that Dakotan namings very often refer to specific events/deeds in
the past, I'm inclined to assume that the English renderings here are
not specific enough. So, I'd translate<br>
<br>
(a) as: "(he) has killed them in (the) water" and<br>
(b) as: "(he) has killed them in the/a house"<br>
<br>
with _-wica-_ refering to specific animate 3.Pl objects (which, from
context, most likely here have to be human <- enemies).<br>
With regard to (b), I'd still tend to read _-wica-_ as a reference to
"enemies" (despite Buechel's pejorative denotation in (e) ): Given
that Native names very often are given to honour their bearers, it
would be hard to assume that in this case someone was named by the term
"Murderer").<br>
<br>
So, I'd like to imagine that (a) and (b) are 'normal' sentences
following the topic-comment pattern<br>
<br>
</small>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" border="0" width="350"
height="62">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">TOPIC<br>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">COMMENT<br>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">mni<br>
</td>
<td valign="top">owicakte</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top">ti (kin/wan)</td>
<td valign="top">owicakte<br>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<small>with the comment's wica-particle in its 'regular' function.<br>
<br>
<br>
With regard to (c) and (d), this might be different. With no locative
indicated in the 'word', I'm getting the impression that it might be
kind of a fossilized term with a former topic (ti) now incorporated in
the comment sentence, not much unlike in expressions as _tii'un_
[thi-i'uN] [thi-i'yuN] (to do house-painting), where also from the
word's stress put on the second syllable one might deduce that it's a
comment-sentence:<br>
<br>
</small>
<table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" border="0" width="279"
height="76">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">TOPIC</td>
<td valign="top" align="center">COMMENT</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">0<br>
</td>
<td valign="top" align="left">tiwicakte</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="center">0<br>
</td>
<td valign="top">tikte</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br>
<small> Also, as it appears to me, the wica-part here seems to be
different from that in the 'regular' examples </small><small>above</small><small>.
As Buechel's entry seems to suggest, and Kostya has pointed out, it
kind of indicates a nonspecific (generic) object, here, that also might
be more narrow in its 'animate' meaning, namely referring to humans
(wicasa?).<br>
<br>
These being my amateurish considerations on the context of
"house-killing" (which - in Native society - apparably had been
regarded/estimated in a way different from "war/battle-killing" and
"hunt-killing"). But, maybe, it's all BS :(<br>
<br>
Best regards<br>
<br>
Alfred<br>
<br>
<br>
</small>
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