<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE></TITLE>
<META http-equiv=Content-Type content=text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1>
<META content="MSHTML 6.00.2800.1458" name=GENERATOR>
<STYLE></STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY text=#000000 bgColor=#ffffff>
<DIV> </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #000000 2px solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV
style="BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; FONT: 10pt arial; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=ahartley@d.umn.edu href="mailto:ahartley@d.umn.edu">Alan H.
Hartley</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=siouan@lists.colorado.edu
href="mailto:siouan@lists.colorado.edu">siouan@lists.colorado.edu</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Tuesday, August 31, 2004 9:12
AM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: HIDATSA</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>Jimm GoodTracks wrote:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE cite=mid002301c48e3c$17322240$9c650945@JIMM type="cite"><PRE wrap=""><STRONG>Interestingly, I learned that L & C "Bird Woman", Sakakawea [Chagaa'ga + Mia via A.W.Jones' lexicon]
is indeed Hidatsa language as is the woman. This is the claim by
a number of Hidatsa informants in the 1920s/ 1930s, and further attested to
by Bull Eye [Gidabi Isda], her grandson and only living decendent in 1930s.
</STRONG> </PRE></BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV>There are several references in the L & C journals to Sacagawea's
Shoshone origins (including her recognition of landmarks in the Shoshones'
country and her reunion with her brother) and to her capture by Hidatsas.
</DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Yes, there are, and they have all been mostly refuted by the
people who REALLY knew who she was.</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>L & C had no apparent reason to misrepresent her ethnic origin, and
it seems to me very unlikely that they did.</DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>It is agreed that L & C had no reason to misrepresent her,
and there is no suggestion of such on the part of the early day Hidatsa, nor
by my comments here. However, it is rather ethnocentric to accept the
information on Bird Woman as understood and written by L & C in
their journals and then forthright, dismiss the history offered by the very
people with whom this woman lived. </STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>At best, L & C were foreigners who were traveling through the
land of then indigenous country. The fact is that they spent only
several months in Hidatsa country; they did not understand the various
cultures with whom, they communicated via a minimum of three languages of not
so great interpreteurs. L & C were two (2) people -- "Americans" --
and as such, their information stands against a community of indigenous people
who say simply that he did not get the correct story. A fast forward to
compare with today's world, we who enjoy state of the art communication
equipment, attested interpreteurs and expert CIA information -- and it was
just with absolute certainty that "confirmed weapons of mass destruction were
within Iraq...". Infallibility -- never!</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>In summary, if indeed, L & C's Journals are completely
creditable, and are to be taken as is, then the French have been spelling
their names incorrectly, to wit, "Shabono" [in lieu of Charbonneau], etc., and
in fact, the entire United States country has fallen into a habit of
misspelling English, and needs to return to the faultlessness of the correct
spellings as per the L & C Journals.</STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Sometimes in linguistics, we come upon folk etymology in regards
to the origin of various words. Recall the Lists' discussions "washichu"
Lakota for whiteman, or "Paduka" the southern Siouan word for Commanchi.
I do not believe that these narratives from the accounts of the various
Hidatsa elders can be relegated to folk etymology. Some of the
younger Native people in the communities have a saying: "If you're white
- you're right". Anglo American bias in the writting of history is no
longer a secret, however, as it was said in the beginning, there was no
intended misrepresentations. Errors and misinformation do occurr...in
today's world and in the world 200 years ago. </STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>jgt </STRONG><BR><BR>Here's the Sacagawea entry from
my Lewis and Clark Lexicon that's to be published this Fall. (I hope the HTML
comes through OK.)<BR><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">Sacagawea</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><SPAN> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">{s</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman Phonetics'">@</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">-<SPAN
style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">cah</SPAN>-gah-<SPAN
style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">wee</SPAN>-</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman Phonetics'">@</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">} A teenaged <SPAN
style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">Shoshone</SPAN> Indian (sister of <SPAN
style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">Cameahwait</SPAN>) who had been captured by
the <SPAN style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">Hidatsa</SPAN> in a raid and was
living with her husband Toussaint <SPAN
style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">Charbonneau</SPAN> when the expedition
arrived. Carrying her infant son <SPAN
style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">Pomp</SPAN>, she accompanied Lewis and Clark
to the Pacific and back and was a valuable <SPAN
style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">interpreter</SPAN> with the Snakes, a guide
(in the vicinity of her home), and a gatherer of wild
plants.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.1in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0.1in; PADDING-TOP: 1pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid">
<P class=MsoNormal
style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 6pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Sacagawea’s fate after the expedition is uncertain,
but Clark notes her as deceased by the late 1820s, and John Luttig, a
fur-trader, says in his journal entry for December 20, 1812, “<SPAN>this
Evening the Wife of Charbonneau a Snake Squaw, died of a putrid fever she was
a good and the best Women in the fort, aged abt 25 years she left a fine
infant girl</SPAN>”. The death by what was perhaps typhus or typhoid fever of
this unnamed wife of Chabonneau occurred at <ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">Fort</ST1:PLACETYPE> <ST1:PLACENAME w:st="on">Manuel</ST1:PLACENAME>
on the <ST1:STATE w:st="on">Missouri</ST1:STATE>, near the border between
North and <ST1:STATE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACE w:st="on">South
Dakota</ST1:PLACE></ST1:STATE>.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 6pt"><I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Sâh-câh-gâh, we â, our Indian woman is very sick this
evening; Capt. C. blead her.</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">
</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">[10 Jun 05<SPAN> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">ML<SPAN> </SPAN>4.276]</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 6pt"><I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Sah-cah-gar-we-ah…was one of the female prisoners
taken…tho’ I cannot discover that she shews any immotion of sorrow in
recollecting this event, or of joy in being again restored to her native
country</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"> </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">[2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">8 Jul
05<SPAN> </SPAN>ML<SPAN> </SPAN>5.009]<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 6pt"><I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">The wife of Shabono our interpetr we find reconsiles
all the Indians, as to our friendly intentions[.] a woman with a party of men
is a token of peace</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"> </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">[13 Oct 05</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN> </SPAN>WC<SPAN>
</SPAN>5.268]<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 6pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">In the expedition journals, Sacagawea is often called
simply <I>the Indian woman</I>, <I>the squaw</I>, or <I>Charbonneau’s
wife</I>, and the captains apparently nicknamed her <I>Janey</I>. <I>See</I>
<SPAN style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">potato</SPAN>.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 6pt"><I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">The indian woman…has been of great Service to me as a
pilot through this Country</SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">
</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">[13 Jul 06</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><SPAN> </SPAN>WC<SPAN>
</SPAN>8.180]</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<DIV
style="BORDER-RIGHT: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 4pt; BORDER-TOP: windowtext 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 4pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 1pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.1in; BORDER-LEFT: windowtext 1pt solid; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0.1in; PADDING-TOP: 1pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: windowtext 1pt solid">
<P class=MsoNormal
style="BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: medium none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; MARGIN: 0in 0in 6pt; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">The form of her name in the following quotation
(referring to the present-day <ST1:PLACE w:st="on"><ST1:PLACENAME
w:st="on">Sacagawea</ST1:PLACENAME> <ST1:PLACETYPE
w:st="on">River</ST1:PLACETYPE></ST1:PLACE>), is an example of<SPAN>
</SPAN>the use of <I>m</I> for <I>w</I> in careful speech in the Hidatsa
language. (This variation also occurs in <SPAN
style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">Ahwahaway</SPAN> and in Hidatsa <I>a-<SPAN
style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">wah</SPAN>-tee</I> ‘river, <ST1:PLACE
w:st="on">Missouri River</ST1:PLACE>’ which Lewis </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">[4.246]</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"> writes
<I>Amahte</I>.) This characteristic alternation, along with Lewis’s
translation and his division of the name into two words, as well as the close
similarity of the name to the Hidatsa words for ‘bird’ (<I>tsah-<SPAN
style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">kah</SPAN>-kah</I>) and ‘woman’ (<I><SPAN
style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">wee</SPAN>-ah / <SPAN
style="FONT-VARIANT: small-caps">mee</SPAN>-ah</I>), support the traditional
interpretation of Sacagawea’s name as <I>Bird Woman</I> in Hidatsa, the
language of her captor-adopters, and its pronunciation with a hard <I>g</I>
rather than the <I>j</I> sound that later became
popular.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 6pt"><I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">this stream we called Sâh-câ-gar me-âh or bird woman’s
River, after our interpreter the Snake woman.</SPAN></I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">[2</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">0 May 05<SPAN> </SPAN>ML<SPAN>
</SPAN>4.171]</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 6pt"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Ordway writes her name as though he knew that
<I>wea</I> meant simply ‘woman’ and so omitted it.<O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<DIV><I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Sahcahgah our Indian
woman verry Sick & was bled.</SPAN></I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">[10 Jun 05</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN>
</SPAN>JO<SPAN> </SPAN>9.165]</SPAN><BR></DIV>
<DIV><STRONG>Interestingly, I learned that L & C "Bird Woman", Sakakawea
[Chagaa'ga + Mia via A.W.Jones' lexicon]<BR>is indeed Hidatsa language as is
the woman. This is the claim by<BR>a number of Hidatsa informants in the
1920s/ 1930s, and further attested to<BR>by Bull Eye [Gidabi Isda], her
grandson and only living decendent in 1930s.<BR>Her confusion as a Lehmi
Shoshone, as per the L&C journal came about as a<BR>result of her marriage
to T.Charboneau and his trading expeditions to the<BR>mountain areas, where
Saka'gaMia (as per the pronunciation of the 3Tribes<BR>Museum staffer and
another speaker--a grandson of Walter YoungBear. Wolf<BR>Chief in a
statement in the 1920s indicated that the Hidatsa would not have<BR>ventured
that far because of respect to their enemies. He suggested
that<BR>perhaps the Crow went to Shoshone land and captured someone, but the
L&C<BR>accepted history was incorrect. And I bet noone is willing to
bet on the<BR>present day liklihood of the US Historians rewritting their
version of<BR>history and the events even though the Hidatsa informants and
other early<BR>century documentation tends to collaborate the Native version
of the<BR>accounts.<BR></STRONG></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>