<DIV><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">[David]<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">> I must admit to astonishment at your wicha-ma-k'u-pi 'I was given</SPAN></FONT><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">> to them'.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I have never been able to elicit three overtly marked <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">> arguments on that verb in all my years of trying.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">I haven't even elicited that one, it's from coherent discourse, i.e. from one of Neva's texts. But in my experience, things that occur in connected discourse are not always considered grammatical in elicitation.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">Here is another k'u-form from the texts, also with three overt arguments, one of them being wa- 'non-specific patient'. But the analysis of this example is complicated by the presence of locative o-, to the effect that the verb form might contain a locative phrase rather than a benefactive one, depending on the interpretation. Buechel has ok'u 'to give to, especially food', but that doesn’t tell us either if the Lakota speaker conceptualizes the o-participant as a locative or as a benefactive.</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT size=3><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">w-ó-’uN-ni-c’u-pi-kte<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT size=3><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">NSP.PAT-LOC-1PL.AG-2SG.PAT-give-PL-FUT</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT size=3><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">'we'll give you food/things'</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">> I don't know what to make of it [wicha-ma-k'u-pi]. Could it also mean </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">> 'they were given to me'?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">Theoretically yes, but I have no data on whether this translation is possible or not. It might be elicitable if we put something animate such as 'horses' in the patient slot. The interpretation of wicha-ma-k'u-pi as it is used in the text is unambiguous, at least to me. I'm pasting the example again below, this time adding a little more context:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT face=courier>ho<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>héhaN Lakhóta étkiya<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>hiNgnáthuN-ma-khiya-pi cha<SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT face=courier>well then<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Lakota<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>according to<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>marry-1SG.PAT-CAU-PL<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>QL<SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">wichá-ma-k’u-pi.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>cha<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>wichás^a<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>waN<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>hiNgná-wa-ye</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">3PL.PAT-1SG.PAT-give-PL. so<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>man<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>LK<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>marry-1SG.AG-marry<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=courier><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></I></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">ki <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>slol-wá-ye-s^ni<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><o:p></o:p></I></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">DEF know-1SG.AG-know-NEG<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic">'Then they made me marry the Lakota way, so they gave me to them (Neva said that wicha- refers to her husband-to-be's family). I didn't know the man I married.'</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">> How does iyuNga 'to ask someone something' work?<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I don't think<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">> the 'something' can ever be animate, so it would never be marked on <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoPlainText><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"></SPAN><FONT face=courier>> the verb anyway.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">An animate patient won't work here for semantic reasons, but I think I have seen some examples with wa- 'non-specific patient' appearing in this slot.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><FONT face=courier><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Courier New'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Regina</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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