<DIV>Thanks John, this is great! After giving it more thought, I still want to do a cross-linguistic comparison of other Siouan language words that correspond to Dorsey's Biloxi [u circumflex] words. But it's beginning to look more reasonable that [u circumflex] should just be /a/. At least I may use that for my working hypothesis right now, anyway. There's not that much difference really between /schwa/ and /a/, and it's reasonable to expect that Dorsey may have thought he heard /schwa/ when he really just heard /a/. This would mean of course that Einaudi's /supi/ would become, per this theory, /sapi/ and pstuki /pstaki/. </DIV>
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<DIV>Dave </DIV>
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<DIV><BR><B><I>Koontz John E <John.Koontz@colorado.edu></I></B> wrote:</DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE class=replbq style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #1010ff 2px solid">On Wed, 2 Feb 2005, David Kaufman wrote:<BR>> I guess a lot of my confusion is just from a lack of overall Siouan<BR>> knowledge at this point, but just to make sure I've got this straight:<BR>> you're saying that a stressed schwa can only come about from a<BR>> previously nasalized stressed A.<BR><BR>To be precise - and I apologize if David just omitted this for simplicity<BR>in his restatement - Bob actually said that in Ofo (as opposed to Siouan<BR>in general or Biloxi) he has observed unaccented schwa representing what<BR>comparison suggests is an unaccented /a/ or unaccented /aN/, and accented<BR>schwa representing accented /aN/. However, I suspect Bob meant this an<BR>encouragement to interpret schwa, accented or not, as a or aN, if other<BR>evidence supported it, or, more simply as a, with nasalization determined<BR>from other evidence.<BR><BR>I mentioned t!
hat I
have heard unaccented final schwa representing<BR>unaccented aN in Omaha and seen the corresponding words spelled<BR>occasionally in various contexts with final a (not a + raised n), e.g.<BR>/umaNhaN/ as [umaNh<SCHWA>], egaN as [eg<SCHWA>] or [ig<SCHWA>], gdhebaN<BR>as [gdheb<SCWA>], and so on.<BR><BR>In a family with vowel systems that typically amount to aeiou aNiNuN or<BR>aeiu aNiN (or aNiNoN?) neglecting length it's reasonable to suspect a<BR>schwa in "preliminary transcription" might represent a or aN, accented or<BR>not.<BR><BR>Dorsey and Swanton worked in innocence of any formal phonemic concept and<BR>probably had no real concept of contextual variation either. In their<BR>approach the height of linguistic rigor was a narrow phonetic<BR>trancription. Dorsey uses a broad phonetic transcription for most<BR>purposes, and notes unusual contextual variants more narrowly. Some sorts<BR>of phonetic detail clearly attract his attention more than others.<BR><BR>He does a lot!
more
specification of phonetic detail in Biloxi, it seems to<BR>me, than elsewhere, perhaps because it was unfamiliar. Or maybe I'm just<BR>more familiar with the key than the data in this case! A broad phonetic<BR>transcriptions might in some cases amount to a phonemic transcription, but<BR>not always. It depends on what guides the instincts in broadening -<BR>merging - things and on how far one goes.<BR><BR>The mapping of vowel phonemes and their allophones to phonetic vowels can<BR>sometimes be surprising. Check out Marshallese - an example I noticed<BR>recently.<BR><BR>> And I suppose there's no reason to suspect that the underlying Siouan<BR>> sa:pe or sepi (a or e) would have become nasalized in Biloxi, then<BR>> denasalized again to a stressed schwa. Interesting. What a puzzle!<BR><BR>Nope on the process in my judgement. I expect it's just *sapi written<BR>s<SCHWA>pi.<BR><BR>Siouan nasal vowels are often apparently denasalized in certain contexts<BR>(e.g., after !
a nasal
sonorant or finally or initially). I've heard it<BR>asserted that some speakers nasalize or denasalize more than others.<BR>Speakers may denasalize sporadically, perhaps more often in certain<BR>contexts, perhaps more often in certain words. Thus one utterance of a<BR>word might seem to differ from another utterance at another time by the<BR>same speaker. Denasalization may affect only vowels or also nasal<BR>sonorants.<BR><BR>Nasalization is essentially a supersegmental quantity in most Siouan<BR>languages and can spread across certain consonants (sonorants,<BR>semi-vowels, laryngeals, etc.). Some languages display regular variations<BR>in nasality of vowels or sonorants determined by morphological processes<BR>that result in adding or removing sources of nasality or barriers to its<BR>spreading. Nasalization may "occur" scrunched up at one end of a sequence<BR>over which it can spread. One could account for /umaNhaN/ as<BR>[umaNh<SCHWA>] in those terms, too.<BR><BR>Nasali!
zation
sometimes simply lands off the target vowel, even on an<BR>adjacent vowel across a theoretically "impermeable" consonant, e.g., I've<BR>heard an Omaha speaker say [iNga] (or maybe [iNg<SCHWA>] in fast speech<BR>for [egaN].<BR><BR></BLOCKQUOTE><p>
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