<DIV><FONT color=#ff0000>-- Russians normally use structures like ???-?? ? ????-?? ???? (there is smth. at <BR>smb.) or ???-?? ???-?? ???? (there is smth. somewhere) to express possession. --</FONT> I think Russian falls into both categories here, because there is also the verb "imyet' " (to have or possess), which takes direct object, e.g. "ya imyeyu koshku", as well as "u menya koshka".</DIV>
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<DIV><FONT color=#ff0000>-- Another thing that is problematic for me is the fact that, in some grammars of Siouan languages, a verb is featured which is constantly glossed as a transitve 'have'- item; the Lakota verb 'yuka' and the Biloxi verb ''ita' are cases in point. --</FONT> This is good for me to know too! Dorsey translates "ta" and "ita" as "have" in his dictionary, although it doesn't seem to be used as a transitive verb, at least as far as I can see so far. One way of saying someone has something in Biloxi is by saying something "moves" or "sits" (exists?), as in Dorsey's examples: "conki ktak ande" (dog his/her moves) and "conki ktak nanki" (dog his/her sits). (Not sure exactly what the "ktak" is here!) </DIV>
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<DIV>Are you looking into Polynesian languages too? Hawaiian, and apparently other Polynesian languages, are among the only languages in the world where possession can bounce between alienable and inalienable (represented by the type of possessive pronoun used). </DIV>
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<DIV>Dave<BR><BR><B><I>"Alfred W. Tüting" <ti@fa-kuan.muc.de></I></B> wrote:</DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE class=replbq style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #1010ff 2px solid">Dear all,<BR><BR>Leon's query to me is quite interesting so it stirred up some reflective <BR>thoughts on my side ;-)<BR><BR>> My project concerns the expression of (alienable) predicative <BR>possession in the languages of the world. To put it rather bluntly, I am <BR>interested in the various ways in which a sentence of the type "The man <BR>has a house/car/ horse" (or whatever things one may alienably possess in <BR>the society at issue) is formally encoded. As is already known in the <BR>literature (e.g. Heine 1998), there are a number of frequently recurring <BR>patterns for such sentences, such as<BR><BR>a) the Have pattern, featuring a transitive verb, with the possessor as <BR>the subject and the possessed item as the direct object; English is of <BR>course an example;<BR>b) the Locative Possessive, of the type "To/at/near the man, a/his horse <BR>is/exists"<BR>c) !
the
Topic-possessive, of the type "The man, a/his horse exists"<BR>d) With-Possessive, of the type "The man exists/is with a/his horse" <BR>(...) <<<BR><BR><BR>More generally speaking, there are two groups of language patterns, <BR>namely "to have" languages and "to be" languages:<BR><BR>"To have" languages are mostly European languages such as English, <BR>German and French. They use the verb "to have" to express an idea of <BR>possession, as in "I have a car" or "He has a brother".<BR><BR>"To be" languages are presented by Russian, Japanese and others which <BR>say about possession as quality or even location. For instance, Russians <BR>normally use structures like ???-?? ? ????-?? ???? (there is smth. at <BR>smb.) or ???-?? ???-?? ???? (there is smth. somewhere) to express <BR>possession. A possessor is passive in the languages of a "to be" group.<BR><BR>E.g.<BR>Russian: U menya yest koshka ? ???? ???? ????? (I have a cat)<BR>U sestry yest koshka ? ?????? ???? ????? (t!
he sister
has a cat)<BR>(to-me/the sister's exists - a - cat)<BR><BR>Hungarian: (Nekem) van házam/házam van. (I have a house)<BR>Szomszédomnak háza van. (My neighbour has a house)<BR>(Neki) van háza/háza van. (S/he has a house)<BR>(I/neighbour-my/he-dative exists house-my/his)<BR><BR>Hebrew: Yesh li bait (I have a house)<BR>Ein li kesef (I don't have money)<BR>(exists/lacks to-me house/money)<BR>Ein lanu zman (we don't have time)<BR>(lacks to-us time)<BR>Yesh la-ish sus (the man has a horse)<BR>(exists to-the-man horse)<BR>Ein la-student kesef (the student has no money)<BR>(lacks to-the-student money)<BR><BR>Latin Mihi domus est (I have a house)<BR>(I-dative is/exists house)<BR><BR><BR>The "to-have" languages are well-known.<BR><BR><BR>> Another thing that is problematic for me is the fact that, in some <BR>grammars of Siouan languages, a verb is featured which is constantly <BR>glossed as a transitve 'have'- item; the Lakota verb 'yuka' and the <BR>Biloxi verb ''ita' are cases in!
point.
Now, as far as my sample goes, <BR>North America is not really a place to have original transitive <BR>HAVE-verbs; in fact, Lakota and Biloxi would stand alone on the<BR>continent if they had this feature. Therefore my question is: is it <BR>possible that these 'have'-items are in fact the products of reanalysis <BR>from an erstwhile positional verb such as 'to stand, to lie' etc. ? (...) <<<BR><BR><BR>I think it should be _yuha'_ (instead of _*yuka_ ).<BR>As far as I can judge this, it actually seems to be a transitive <BR>"to-have" verb like in most European languages!<BR>I don't know the etymology of Dakotan _yuha'_ (i.e. where the root -ha <BR>derives), but most strikingly the prefix yu- seems to be denoting <BR>"hand"-action.<BR><BR>In Spanish, "to have" is expressed by "tener" (tengo etc.) Latin <BR>_tenere_ (to hold - with the hand), and going into the etymology of <BR>German "haben", interestingly also yields results pointing in this <BR>direction: durativum to
germanic *haf-ja- (German "heben"=to hold/grasp <BR>with the hand). Interestingly, German "heben" is said to be related to <BR>ig. (indoeuropean) *kap- -> Latin "capio" (I take/seize) -> e.g. <BR>mancipatio (the legal act of "taking by/with the hand i.e. take <BR>possession of [e.g. a slave]).<BR><BR>But modern Chinese (Putonghua) too is a "to-have" language!<BR>E.g. _you3_ (to have/there is): "Wo you qian." (I have money). In this <BR>use, it clearly is transitive! (although there are other functions too, <BR>e.g. "you ren shuo..." - there are men saying -> men say/it is said..., <BR>yet, this doesn't matter in this context).<BR>Interestingly that the character's etymology also points into the <BR>direction elaborated on above: the modern version depicts a hand (sic) <BR>above the moon (or maybe also meat), whereas the ancient character just <BR>displayed a hand as such. So, here again, (and far off the European <BR>linguistic influence) the idea of "to have/posse!
ss" is
expressed by "to <BR>hold in the hand/grasp with the hand".<BR><BR>All this said, I am not at all surprized to find _yuha'_ in Dakotan. <BR>Anyhow, on a continent like America there are so many very different <BR>native tongues, why not also this type of "to-have" language.<BR>(If you're interested, here's a maybe provocative opinion<BR><BR>http://members.tripod.com/~kajJ/images2/Dakota.html<BR><BR>that could make this matter still more plausible ;-) )<BR><BR>Alfred<BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR><BR></BLOCKQUOTE><p>
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