Orthography issues are very complex, and although I'm not one to take
sides (because that can lead to brutal and unproductive arguments), I
am one to point out all the issues at play in all of their frightening
splendour.<br>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">WARNING:
since we are
discussing orthographic issues here I feel it is important to represent
the
characters as they are, so I use Unicode encoding. If your email
doesn't
display it properly, please copy and paste to a word processor and
change the
font to Aboriginal or Gentium or something that shows all the
characters. I additionally have attached a Unicode (UTF-8) .txt file to
this document in case it's not possible to do a simple copy-and-paste
operation. The .txt file is in AbRomanSerif font, but if you don't have
that one, switching to Gentium or the like should work.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">I recognise a lot of
different issues at play here, each of which has partisans emotionally attached
to the one or the other side. I will try to present both sides without taking
one over the other. Perhaps it would be useful to disassemble some of these
points for the sake of clarity:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">1) "normal" symbols
vs. "weird" symbols</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">There's a whole scale
of "normalcy" when we discuss orthographic symbols, and all of us would do well
to admit to ourselves and to each other that this scale is very
English-centric.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">i. "Very Normal":
characters which exist in English, e.g., <s, z, gh, x, sh, zh>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">ii. "Almost Normal":
characters which are "moved around," e.g., <aⁿ, oⁿ, iⁿ>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">iii. "Sort Of Weird":
characters with acute accents are felt to be less weird than other diacritics,
e.g. <</span><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">á, ú, é, í, óⁿ, áⁿ, íⁿ>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">iv. "Weird": characters with other diacritics, including a lot of the
Americanist and IPA symbols, e.g., <ą, į, ã, ĩ, ã́, ĩ́, ą́, į́, š, ž, ǧ, ȟ,
p̣, ṭ, ḳ, pʻ, tʻ, kʻ>. Note that x-hacek and x-underdot are not universally
supported by Unicode (yet).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">v. "Very Weird": characters not present in English at all, e.g., <ð,
ʃ, ʒ, ɣ, ʔ, ˀ>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">All of these characters have been debated on at one point or another,
and the debate always centres around those who favour the weirder symbols for
their universality or one-to-one phonemic correspondence vs. those who favour
the more normal symbols for an ostensible ease of learning.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">2) Learnability</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">Many of the speakers had traumatic experiences centring about learning
to read and write in English, and it is a frequent sentiment that imposing new
diacritics or letters is akin to forcing people to learn to read and write all
over again. On the other hand, it seems a bit strange that we should limit
ourselves to using only simple English letters, when there are so many English
letters that are not used in </span><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">Omaha</span><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;"> or Ponca at all. And
then there's the issue of learnability for children. I think one-to-one
correspondences are easier to learn for children, even if they mean we have to
use non-English symbols. There's a reason there are no spelling bees in </span><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">Spain</span><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;"> or </span><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">
Germany</span><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">: their writing
system is closer to the spoken language than that of English. They both use
digraphs, but they also both use most or all of the letters of the English
alphabet. People on both side of this issue tend to talk like their word is
law, and the other side is just wrong.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">3) Orthographic
Disruption</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">The feeling here is
that there are writing systems already in use, and people have invested time
and money into learning and printing them, so letʼs stick with them. For once
in history, also, the official orthographies of </span><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">Omaha</span><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;"> and Ponca are close enough that you can skip
from one to the other without much thought. But this is not really a reason to
stick with the orthography if there are problems with it. This is just another
of the issues here.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">4) Confusion</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">Confusion is an even
bigger problem than learnability, when people have learned one value for one
letter and then it switches to a different one. This could be a problem, for
example, if <x> is used for the voiced velar fricative, because many
people are already familiar with the system which assigns it to the unvoiced,
and <gh> to the voiced. As Rory mentions, this was never a problem with
the transition from <ç> to <s, z>. But it is something of a problem
with using <p, t, k> and even <c> or <ch> for tense stops,
because many people are used to seeing these used for aspirated stops as well.
It's also a big problem with some of our Americanist usages like <th> for
the aspirated stop instead of the fricative/approximant, and it shows why we
need to use standard orthographies in our papers when we are sharing them with
the communities we work with. One thing I like about using <q> is that it
uses one more English letter and thereby reduces the need for digraphs; but I
still think using a simple <x> for the voiced velar fricative may be a
bit confusing for a lot of people. Another thing which bears mention here is
the issue of how to represent the alveopalatal affricates. There seem to be two
competing schools of thought on this: one which uses <j, c, cʰ, cʼ> and
the other which uses <j, ch, chʰ, chʼ>. Use of haceks on the letters also
varies. The first system is fully adequate and has one-to-one correspondence on
its side, while the second system is more English-like and therefore felt by
many people (adults) to be easier. The big problem is that itʼs easy to get
confused on whether a given <ch> is supposed to be aspirated or tense.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">5) Distinctiveness
from other languages</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">This sort of stands
in opposition to confusion. Early on, </span><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">Omaha</span><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;"> and Ponca orthographies used symbols like
<ǧ, ȟ, pʻ, tʻ, kʻ>, but nobody ever looked back after the transition to
<x, pʰ, tʰ, kʰ> was made. I think this is because nobody wanted </span><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">Omaha</span><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;"> or Ponca to look too much like Lakhota. It is
strange, though, that this same sentiment doesnʼt seem to be as strong when it
comes to how much it looks like English.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">6) Loss of
distinctions in clusters</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">This is the main
point of the post Rory just sent. He points out that the phonetic realisation
of a velar fricative in a cluster is always unvoiced, so we should use the
unvoiced variant in the orthography (or, in his proposal with x-hacek and
x-underdot, the unmarked variant – a very autosegmentalist solution!). Itʼs not
just the fricatives, though. Comparative and phonetic evidence suggests that
the stops in fricative-stop clusters in Omaha-Ponca are the "simple" stops,
i.e., the voiced ones. So should the orthography move from <shk, xp, st,
etc.> to <shg, xb, sd>? I think that would weird a lot of people out,
too! Thereʼs also something to be said for the fact that Hahn, for one, <i>did</i>
hear and note such distinctions as /xð ɣð/.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: AbRomanSerif;">None of this is
intended as an answer to Markʼs original question. Iʼm not, after all, one of
the decision-makers on this. But I am glad to cast light on this problem in its
full, terrifying complexity, so that everyone knows all the issues at play
here, and those who <i>are </i>the decision-makers can make decisions on each
and every one of those issues.</span></p>