<div><EM>> I am much exercised by the problem of the classification/ <BR>definition of Parts of Speech in Lakhota. The fluidity and <BR>"porosity" (so to say) of Lakhota [and Biloxi] word-categories absolutely <BR>intrigues me! I am striving, (somewhat unsuccessfully maybe), to undo <BR>the effect of years of familiarity/training with the relatively <BR>"black & white" categorizing of "THE Parts of Speech" deriving from <BR>Ancient Greek & Latin paradigms of grammatical & syntactic <BR>analysis : Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Conjunction, Verb, <BR>participle, Infinitive, Particle; Principle Clause, Subordinate Cl., <BR>etc., etc.) But at least one CAN now clearly see the limits of its <BR>utility in analysing Native American languages. ></EM></div> <div> </div> <div>I second this emotion! Polynesian languages are also a close second to many Amerindian languages in their defiance of traditional IE "rules" of grammar (since the former rely
mostly on "particles" to define a word's part of speech). But of course it's very Eurocentric to think all languages should conform to the "traditional" Greek/Latin way of looking at language and the world. This is good practice in "broadening our horizons"! </div> <div> </div> <div>Dave</div> <div> </div> <div><B><I>Clive Bloomfield <cbloom@ozemail.com.au></I></B> wrote:</div> <BLOCKQUOTE class=replbq style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #1010ff 2px solid">Hau Alfred chiye, Nice work! ( and with Net-Siouan transcription <BR>also!). You beat me to the "punch" there, gut gemacht lieber <BR>Freund! :-) Just out of idle curiosity, I wonder whether or not it <BR>is on record, who composed this Lakhota version? : A non-Lakota (a <BR>cleric/missionary of some description, [ perhaps?]), or some <BR>anonymous native-speaking "convert"? I always like to know a text's <BR>provenance, if at all possible - but perhaps that is
expecting a bit <BR>much in this <BR>case! <BR><BR>Initially, it occurred to me that the third <BR>line of the first stanza might be a subordinate adverbial (temporal) <BR>clause, with the postposition "el" in its "conjunctional" use as a <BR>subordinator, with a nominalized clause preceeding. [See Buechel Gr. <BR>(p.250, #148, 2); Ingham, 12.2.2.1.] This would then make lines 2 & <BR>3 into two temporal clauses "in tandem" (as it were), both <BR>subordinate to the principal clause of the 4th line : ("WHEN/WHENEVER <BR>["chan" perhaps being a truncated form of "channa".] I SEE THE STARS <BR>AND WHEN THE THUNDERBEINGS CRY OUT(AT the crying out of the Thunder <BR>Birds), YOUR POWER IS MADE MANIFEST." But then one notes that in this <BR>usage, "el" seems usually to follow the verb of said Nominalized Sub. <BR>Cl. immediately, or else be itself immediately preceeded by a <BR>nominalizing "kin/k'un"(which may also be omitted, Fr. Eugene tells <BR>us)==>"k'el". But, so
far, I've been unable to locate any instances <BR>of this type of clause, in which other elements (as : Demonstative <BR>"lena" here, and Conjunction "kho") are permitted to intervene. I <BR>would suppose these "extras" may militate against the possibility of <BR>"hontonpi" being a Verb (to be translated "dynamically", as above), <BR>rather than a typically De-verbal Noun followed by Postposition as <BR>you have rendered it? On balance I suspect your simple prepositional <BR>phrasal translation of line 3, (Stanza 1) is probably better. As you <BR>know, I am much exercised by the problem of the classification/ <BR>definition of Parts of Speech in Lakhota. The fluidity and <BR>"porosity" (so to say) of Lakhota word-categories absolutely <BR>intrigues me! I am striving, (somewhat unsuccessfully maybe), to undo <BR>the effect of years of familiarity/training with the relatively <BR>"black & white" categorizing of "THE Parts of Speech" deriving from <BR>Ancient Greek &
Latin paradigms of grammatical & syntactic <BR>analysis : Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Adverb, Conjunction, Verb, <BR>participle, Infinitive, Particle; Principle Clause, Subordinate Cl., <BR>etc., etc.) But at least one CAN now clearly see the limits of its <BR>utility in analysing Native American languages. Just to give an <BR>obvious illustrative example : the word "wowapi" seems to be, when <BR>the context & syntax require, [or perhaps even SIMULTANEOUSLY?] : 1) <BR>VERB,(on most literal level). Finite,Indef. Object., 3rdp. Pl. [=they <BR>write/wrote (things)] ; 2) NOUN : [=book/writing/letter/email/etc.]; <BR>3) (equivalent of) PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE : "they write stuff==>it <BR>is WRITTEN". One supposes that 2) is just a nominalized off-shoot of <BR>3). For a classicist, this "Porosity" of Word Classes, a inherent <BR>"layering" in the grammatical structure, was quite mind-blowing at <BR>one's first encounter, and very salutary for one's mental agility!
<BR>Similarly, with the problem of Subordination Vs Coordination, (or <BR>Hypotaxis Vs Parataxis as it was termed in studies of Greek Prose <BR>Styles). <BR><BR>I <BR>would like to say that I have found Bruce Ingham's admirably succinct <BR>treatment of these matters in Section 8 of "Lakota"(2003), and in his <BR>IJAL Papers on Nominal & Verbal Status in L., and on the <BR>Demonstrative stems most illuminating! He un lila pilamayaye lo, <BR>Bruce :-)! No doubt what I have written above is very old news to <BR>the expert Siouan scholars here, but to try to formulate a problem <BR>does help to clarifiy one's thoughts, at times. Bruce, I love those <BR>categories of Circumstantial Stems & T-Words, as you refer to them in <BR>Section 10. I must say that the first thing that sprang to mind, when <BR>I read of those T-Words like taku/tuwe/tona/toketu/tokel, etc., was <BR>that they strongly reminded me of a class of words in the Greek <BR>grammar, [Correlative Pronouns :
See "Greek Grammar" by H.W. Smythe, <BR>HUP,(1920) 1972, p.98. Sect.340.)] in which the same word, (e.g. <BR>"tis") may be, (according to syntactical context), Interrogative <BR>Pronoun/Adjective - always Accented, usu. Clause-Initial (=, in this <BR>case,"WHO?WHAT (noun)?"); Indefinite Pronoun (Enclitic) (="SOMEBODY/ <BR>ANYBODY") - coincidentally, also a "T-word" in A.Greek! However, I <BR>realize that analogical parallels between completely unrelated <BR>languages on different continents are of limited usefulness, and must <BR>not be pressed too far, but that knowledge helped me, I fancy, to <BR>better grasp your "deconstruction" of the concepts involved. Ake <BR>wopila! I would not wish to infringe protocol here again, but it was <BR>a great thrill for me to receive your friendly email in flawlessly <BR>elegant Lakotaiyapi! I understood every word. Best wishes & "Bon <BR>Voyage" to your daughter & grandchild! Byron Bay in Northern N.S.W. <BR>is a splendid place
to live! I wonder if we might continue such an <BR>(occasional) correspondence in Lakota, off the <BR>list? <BR>Alfred, chiye, <BR>the only other detail in your faithful rendering I wanted to query, <BR>is in Second Stanza, line 3 : Wouldn't "Wanikhiya Mithawa kin" be <BR>just a Vocative? [="My Saviour, you died!"]; and "You died for me/ <BR>mine" be : "mayakichit"e"==> Truncated, or "Short Form" (Buech.Gr,p. <BR>45, #41)==> "miyecit"e"< Second Dative Verb : kit'A [=die for]? <BR>Toksha akhe, mitakuyepi, Clive.<BR>On 28/06/2006, at 4:25 PM, Alfred W. Tüting wrote:<BR><BR>><BR>>> How Great You Are (In Sioux)<BR>><BR>> Wa-kan-tan-ka, Mako-che Ki Le Lu-ha<BR>> Wi-cah-pi Lena Ko Wan Bla-ka Chan<BR>> Wa-ki-yan Hon Ton Pi Kin Le-na Ko El<BR>> Wo-wa-sha-ke Ni-ta-wa Kin Ta-nin<BR>><BR>> Mi-na-gi Kin He-ya A Lo-o-wan<BR>> Wa-ni-ki-ya, Wa-kan-tan-ka<BR>> Wa-ni-ki-ya, Mi-Ta-wa Kin Ni-te<BR>> I-ni-tan-can, I-ni-tan-can
<<<BR>><BR>><BR>> My rough translation:<BR>><BR>><BR>> G-d, you possess (hold) this land/country (in your hands)<BR>> And when(?) I see the stars,<BR>> in the thunders<BR>> your power/strength manifests.<BR>><BR>> My spirit sings in praise (of you) saying:<BR>> Saviour, G-d<BR>> Saviour, (for) mine you-died<BR>> you're (the) L-rd, you're (the) L-rd<BR>><BR>><BR>> wakxaN-txaNka, makxoche kiN le luha<BR>> wichah^pi lena kxo waNblake chaN<BR>> wakiyaNhotxuNpi kiN lena kxo el<BR>> wowas^ake nitxawa kiN tan?iN<BR>><BR>> minag^i kiN heya alowaN<BR>> wanikiya, wakxaN-txaNka<BR>> wanikiya, mitxawa kiN nit?e<BR>> initxaNchaN, initxaNchaN<BR>><BR>><BR>> Alfred<BR>><BR>><BR>><BR><BR></BLOCKQUOTE><BR><p>
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