<div>John,</div> <div> </div> <div>According to the Siouan comparative dictionary that I looked at with Bob, the PS focus marker is shown as -ri. This of course perfectly matches -di in Biloxi and -ri in Hidatsa. Was that -(r)i considered epenthetic in PS?</div> <div> </div> <div><EM>> This behavior of Mandan finals is like the behavior of -Cia passives in Polynesian, where -C is historically the final consonant of the preceding *CVCV(C) stem. The final *C is lost in final position, but retained before *-ia PASSIVE. ></EM></div> <div> </div> <div>I've always thought this proposal about Polynesian roots ending in consonants seems a bit strange given that many of the languages, e.g., Hawaiian, Tahitian, Maori, don't allow words to end in consonants at all. Looking at a Polynesian root ending in a consonant just seems, well, shocking.</div> <div> </div> <div>Dave </div> <div> </div>
<div><BR><B><I>Koontz John E <John.Koontz@colorado.edu></I></B> wrote:</div> <BLOCKQUOTE class=replbq style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #1010ff 2px solid">On Fri, 2 Mar 2007, David Kaufman wrote:<BR>> Also, according to info sent to me by John Boyle, Hidatsa uses -ri for<BR>> the same (focus) purpose. Apparently Hidatsa -ri, Mandan -(r)e, and<BR>> Biloxi -di all derive from PS -ri as a focus marker. It's use in Biloxi<BR>> as a focus marker is apparently in free variation with 0 marking, since<BR>> first mention occurs both with and without it.<BR><BR>I suspect the marker is *e and that the *-r- reflexes occur only after<BR>vowel-final stems. In essence this is what the Mandan formula -(r)e<BR>means.<BR><BR>> "Rankin, Robert L" <RANKIN@KU.EDU>wrote:<BR>> That's right. It's Biloxi -di, or -ni after a nasal V.<BR>><BR>> Sara Trechter has a somewhat similar function for -(r)e in Mandan, even<BR>> though earlier
workers portrayed it as "epenthetic". Mandan use isn't<BR>> apparently restricted to first mention.<BR><BR>I believe Kennard called e an article. I don't remember how he handled<BR>the intrusive r and h and sometimes ? before it. I don't think Hollow<BR>offered any gloss for it at all. In essence he treats it as a marker<BR>added to independent nouns, i.e., an absolutive marker. It appears to be<BR>missing from the initial elements of compound lexical entries, and it is<BR>not clear whether it is also sometimes missing from independent forms. It<BR>sounds like it is.<BR><BR>In the case of Biloxi I don't recall examples off hand of just -i added to<BR>a CVC noun stem, but there is a declarative morpheme for verbs that<BR>clearly occurs in -(d)i form. In some cases of the Biloxi declarative, I<BR>recall, other intrusive elements like -h- occur.<BR><BR>It would be interesting to know if Hidatsa also has -(r)i, or if it is<BR>simply -ri there. In Hidatsa do first mentions
of the same noun occur<BR>with and without -ri? In other words, -ri occurs with some first<BR>mentioned, but not all?<BR><BR>I recall that in Lipkind's Winnebago grammar he talks about -ra (which is<BR>invariant) and -re (ditto) as subordinators. The first is the article.<BR>My recollection of his examples is that they looked like they occurred<BR>with relative clauses (nominalizations) with object heads, while -ra<BR>occurred with simple nouns and with nominalizations with subject heads.<BR>However, I was examining a very small corpus!<BR><BR>I said that -re was invariant, but, of course, I was dealing with the<BR>examples Lipkind noted for "-re.". I've also noticed that nouns like<BR>was^c^iNk 'rabbit' add -e- before the "distal" or "respect" element -ga,<BR>as in Was^c^iNgega 'The Rabbit'. That's the only example of this for<BR>Winnebago that I recall, but it may provide -(r)e there as well.<BR><BR>Of course, this is all bound up with the question of noun-finals, and
for<BR>those who prefer to see all noun roots as vowel final we have to note that<BR>was^c^iNk ~ was^c^iNge(ga) corresponds to OP mas^tiNge (PDh *mas^tiNke).<BR>In other words, in this case an others like it, perhaps we should explain<BR>the *e as part of the noun and the *-re as something else. In MVS it<BR>would be hard to argue against this if it weren't for the cooperative<BR>co-occurring patterns with *-a and *-(r)a across the board. However, this<BR>is why I find the clearer *-(r)e behavior outside of MVS so interesting.<BR><BR>I would argue that in essence we have *-e and that it appears as *-re<BR>after vowels (shifting to -ri in Hidatsa and -di in Biloxi) because there<BR>is an epenthetic -r- there:<BR><BR>0 => r / V = __ e<BR><BR>We find a few other intrusive elements like -h- or -?- because nouns that<BR>end in h and ? lose those elements if nothing follows. If a noun has the<BR>form *CVh, then it appears as CVhe when *e is added, but as CV when it is<BR>not.
We know that some things end in *-h (Rankin's discovery) because<BR>this explains cases of final -ua (and -ue?) in Crow-Hidatsa. I think only<BR>one of these languages shows this, but I forget which at the moment! In<BR>addition, Rankin uses -h to explain the doublet suffixes -kha and -ka in<BR>Dakotan (often with a sense 'sort of') and the corresponding -kka ~ -ga in<BR>OP (and other Dhegiha languages).<BR><BR>I was initially (no pun intended) bothered that Mandan -r, -h, -? and even<BR>-?r finals only partly matched up with the behavior of cognates in other<BR>branches. It dawned on me recently that this is because the finals have<BR>become arbitrary morphological patterns in Mandan. So, in some cases a<BR>form has been transferred from one final class to another, or has acquired<BR>a mixed pattern like -?r. In fact, I remember a paper by Dick Carter from<BR>some time back in which he pointef out evidence that the final behavior of<BR>some stems in Mandan varied with the
dialect. We have only a few cases of<BR>this, but, of course, we have only as few pieces of evidence of dialect,<BR>in the form of Maximillien's mention of Nuptadi (ruNptare) forms different<BR>from the usual Mandan forms. I don't remember the examples off the top of<BR>my head, I'm afraid.<BR><BR>This behavior of Mandan finals is like the behavior of -Cia passives in<BR>Polynesian, where -C is historically the final consonant of the preceding<BR>*CVCV(C) stem. The final *C is lost in final position, but retained<BR>before *-ia PASSIVE. However, the *C that is attested with a given stem<BR>tends to vary a bit between languages. In some languages a few stems<BR>change from one kind of *-C to another at random. In other languages one<BR>particular *-C becomes favored and replaces others right and left.<BR><BR></BLOCKQUOTE><BR><p>
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