<div>From what I know about Japanese, case marking in that language is so messy (especially when it comes to wa) that using it as a template for describing other languages will inevitably make these look messy too. As far as I remember, there are so many rules to the use of wa that this marker is really hard to pin down functionally. But the specific notion of contrast expressed by double <EM>wa</EM> does go with what we see in Lakota, I think, so this is a good analogy.</div> <div>In case the idea is out there, I would not analyze iNs> a topic marker though. It is simply a marker for what Wally Chafe once referred to as 'focus of contrast'.</div> <div> </div> <div>Regina</div> <div><BR><BR><B><I>Rory M Larson <rlarson@unlnotes.unl.edu></I></B> wrote:</div> <BLOCKQUOTE class=replbq style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #1010ff 2px solid"> <div><TT>Well, how _do_ we define "topic", or "subject" for that
matter?</TT><BR><BR><TT>I've been learning Japanese recently, which makes this distinction</TT><BR><TT>using particles:</TT><BR><BR><TT>wa - topic marker</TT><BR><TT>ga - subject marker</TT><BR><TT>wo - object marker</TT><BR><BR><TT>ga is used to mark either the one that is doing the action or the</TT><BR><TT>one you are trying to identify as the point of the communication.</TT><BR><TT>It normally appears only in the latter case or in embedded clauses.</TT><BR><TT>In most simple sentences, the subject uses the topic marker wa.</TT><BR><TT>However, wa can also replace the object marker wo, and can be used</TT><BR><TT>to mark prepositional phrases as well as nouns.</TT><BR><BR><TT>Both wa and ga can be used contrastively, in ways that would</TT><BR><TT>involve vocal emphasis in English. For ga, the issue is on</TT><BR><TT>clarifying who it is we are talking about: It was _Sally_ (ga)</TT><BR><TT>that slept (not Harry). But for wa, alternate topics are taken
as</TT><BR><TT>given points of reference for contrasting information: _Sally_ (wa)</TT><BR><TT>is sleeping, while _Harry_ (wa) is watching TV.</TT><BR><BR><TT>It seems to me that "topic" means an uncontroversial point of</TT><BR><TT>reference to which further information can be related. That point</TT><BR><TT>of reference can be a subject noun, but doesn't have to be. It</TT><BR><TT>can be an adverb, a prepositional phrase, a full clause, or an</TT><BR><TT>object noun just as easily.</TT><BR><BR><TT>I think all of the examples Regina cites might reasonably match</TT><BR><TT>the Japanese contrastive wa usage:</TT><BR><BR><TT>> </TT><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>Sally is^tiNme na Harry iNs^ TV waNyaNke</FONT> <UL><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>S. sleep and H. CON TV watch</FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>‘Sally is sleeping and Harry is watching TV’</FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4></FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New
Roman" size=4>or</FONT><BR><FONT face="Courier New" size=4></FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>Sally is^tiNme na iNs^ Harry TV waNyaNke</FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>S. sleep and CON H. TV watch</FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>‘Sally is sleeping and Harry is watching TV’</FONT><BR></UL><TT>Or: '_Sally_ (wa) is sleeping and _Harry_ (wa) is watching TV'</TT><BR><TT>(The contrasting topics are subject nouns.)</TT><BR><BR><TT>> </TT><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>h^tal-ehaN wophethuN wa-I na iNs^ le aNpetu ki chuwignake waN wa-kayeg^e</FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>yesterday shop 1SG.AG-go and CON this day DEF dress IDF 1SG.AG-sew</FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>‘yesterday I went shopping and today I sewed a dress’</FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4></FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>h^tal-ehaN wophethuN wa-I na le aNpetu ki iNs^ chuwignake waN
wa-kayeg^e</FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>yesterday shop 1SG.AG-go and this day DEF CON dress IDF 1SG.AG-sew</FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>‘yesterday I went shopping and today I sewed a dress’</FONT><BR><BR><TT>Or: '_yesterday_' (wa) I went shopping and _today_ (wa) I sewed a dress'</TT><BR><TT>(The contrasting topics are adverbs of time.)</TT><BR><BR><TT>> </TT><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>Harry Sally wowapi k’u na iNs^ Mary waks^ica cha k’u</FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>H. S. book give and CON M. plate such give</FONT><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>‘Harry gave Sally books and he gave Mary plates’</FONT><BR><BR><TT>Or: 'Harry gave _Sally_ (wa) books and he gave _Mary_ (wa) plates'</TT><BR><TT>(The contrasting topics are indirect object nouns.)</TT><BR><BR><TT>The main mechanical difference would be that in Japanese, wa always</TT><BR><TT>follows its topic and is used to mark both in a contrast,
while in</TT><BR><TT>Lakhota, iNs^ appears only on the second one in a contrast, and can</TT><BR><TT>either precede or follow its topic.</TT><BR><BR><TT>Would this be a helpful interpretation of iNs^ ?</TT><BR><BR><TT>Rory</TT><BR></BLOCKQUOTE><BR><p>
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