<div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"><FONT face="Courier New">> I wonder what the distribution of these Lakhota/Dakota particles is relative to<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"><FONT face="Courier New">"obviation" or "case marking" or whatever else Lakhota/Dakota has in<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"><FONT face="Courier New">its repertoire.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"><FONT face="Courier New"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS
Mincho'"><FONT face="Courier New">To me, there is no evidence for the existence of obviation in Lakota, if we define obviation as a system for manipulating pragmatic perspective. <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"><FONT face="Courier New"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"><FONT face="Courier New">As for compatibility of iNs^ with case markers, I don't have too many examples for non-core relations in contrastive position, but I assume that iNs^ goes with any type of argument, including those marked with postpositions.<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"><FONT face="Courier New"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in
0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"><FONT face="Courier New">Regina<o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></div><BR><BR><B><I>Bryan Gordon <linguista@gmail.com></I></B> wrote: <BLOCKQUOTE class=replbq style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #1010ff 2px solid">Topics can easily be described in Prague-school terms quite simply as<BR>"old information." The Japanese topic behaviour generally aligns with<BR>contexts where "as for TOPIC" would be possible in English, e.g. "As<BR>for yesterday, I went shopping, while as for today, I sewed a dress"<BR>or "As for Sally, Harry gave her books, while as for Mary, he gave her<BR>plates."<BR><BR>Japanese ga cannot be translated with "as for", on the other hand:<BR>"#!As for Harry, he slept, not Mary." This, from the Prague-school<BR>terminology, is precisely the opposite of a topic: it is a focus, or<BR>"new information." We already know that someone slept, the new<BR>information is the identity of the
sleeper. In the other contexts, the<BR>dates and characters are not important, but rather the new information<BR>is what is associated with them.<BR><BR>Of course, to make things even more complicated, both topic and focus<BR>have similar syntactic behaviour in many languages. But it is also<BR>quite common cross-linguistically to see topics fronted and foci<BR>right-edged. Ojibwe is one such language, and so is Finnish. Spanish,<BR>too, to a certain extent, right-displaces new and left-displaces old<BR>information. In fact, that's precisely what English "as for" does, is<BR>moves old information left.<BR><BR>The sort of focus that contrasts with topic in pragmatic terms should<BR>not be confused with the entirely different cognitive/psychological<BR>use of the word focus, which is ironically enough almost never<BR>associated with a pragmatic focus and almost always with a pragmatic<BR>topic.<BR><BR>Ojibwe has particles that seem to behave similarly to
the<BR>Lakhota/Dakota particles mentioned earlier. I know this is the Siouan<BR>list, but we've been comparing Algonquian and Siouan during the whole<BR>thread, so why stop now?<BR><BR>One is (i)dash (I believe in Cree this is itahsh), and can be appended<BR>to just about any constituent, as long as that constituent is near the<BR>left edge. It serves to contrast the constituent before it with<BR>something mentioned earlier. Some examples:<BR><BR>Gii-nagamo dash gii-niimi'iwed<BR>PST-sing CTR PST-make.dance<BR>While he had them dance, he sang.<BR><BR>Bezhig onik odanokaazon dewe'iged nagamod. Bezhig idash odanokaazon onik nisaad.<BR>One arm he.worked.with drumming singing. One CTR he.worked.with arm killing.<BR>He used one arm to drum while he sang. One arm he used to kill.<BR><BR>Zhingiben' dash ashkwaandeng gii-niimi. Gomaapii dash gii-dooskaabi<BR>a'aw zhingiben'.<BR>Hell.diver CTR at.the.door PST-dance. A.while CTR PST-peek D hell.diver<BR>Hell-Diver, now, was dancing
at the door. After a while he peeked out.<BR><BR>(i)dash is also contracted onto many other function words to create<BR>things like aaniish "well now", awenesh "now, who on earth", miish<BR>"now, that's who/what"...<BR><BR>What these have in common is simply contrast, not topic or focus. In<BR>the first example, in fact, dash is appended to the focus (we already<BR>knew about the dancing before this sentence), while in the second<BR>example there's a topic with idash, and in the third there's a focus<BR>again on Hell-Diver, and then a contrastive topic on the elapsing of<BR>time. Contrast is not necessarily related to topic or focus, as Rory<BR>notes by exploring the two very different contrastive particles in<BR>Japanese.<BR><BR>The other contrastive particle I'm thinking of in Ojibwe is (i)sa,<BR>which is just as common as (i)dash, and is appended to things which<BR>could be said to answer contrastive questions, even if the question is<BR>not overtly stated. For
instance:<BR><BR>"Wegonesh iw ziing? 'Akawaabin' sa wii nii gigii-inin."<BR>"What.CTR D sizzle? 'Watch.out' CTR I you I.told.you<BR>"What's that sizzling? I told you 'Watch out'" (not something else)<BR><BR>Babaa-anokiitaage apane. Mii sa iw ezhi-bimaadizid.<BR>Always.going.around-working.for always. FOC CTR D way-she.lives<BR>She's always going around working for people. That's the way she lives<BR>(and not some other way).<BR><BR>Sometimes (i)sa just throws extra intensity on something which may not<BR>be contrastive in any significant way beyond that it is not what was<BR>just being talked about.<BR><BR>Aw isa niningwan gaa-aawid gagwaanisagakamig gaa-gidimaaginaagozid.<BR>D CTR son-in-law PST-was.so awfully PST-looking.wretched<BR>That son-in-law of mine looked awfully wretched.<BR><BR>Although these things can clearly be used for switch-reference-like<BR>effects, much like the proximate -(b)i in Omaha-Ponca, which has<BR>little if anything to do with contrast, topic
or focus, I'd hesitate<BR>to call them that. These contrastive particles also have no<BR>distributional restrictions relative to obviation, and can occur on<BR>obviatives and proximates alike. Part of the reason -(b)i is called<BR>proximate in OP is that it does NOT appear on verbs that agree with<BR>obviative subjects. At least, not above margin of error. I wonder what<BR>the distribution of these Lakhota/Dakota particles is relative to<BR>"obviation" or "case marking" or whatever else Lakhota/Dakota has in<BR>its repertoire.<BR></BLOCKQUOTE><BR><p>
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