<SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"><FONT face="Courier New"> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">(quoting David Rood)<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">> For what it's worth, my purely anecdotal impression is that "chanke" marks <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">a more or less expected continuation of a narration (hence translations <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">like "and so" or "and then" or "and next", while "yunkhan" (or yukhan) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">means "I bet you weren't expecting this next event".<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>They thus correlate <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">very often with switch reference (or switch-scene, or switch-topic) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">because a new or changed element in the conversation or narration is often <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">somewhat unexpected by the hearer.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"> </SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN
style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">Precisely. I don’t have much to add to this. A switch-reference analysis for yuNkhaN and chaNkhe is untenable because there are too many counterexamples to a DS analysis for yuNkhaN and an SS analysis for chaNkhe. yuNkhaN occurs frequently with DS but is fine with SS when the event is unexpected; chaNkhe occurs a lot with SS but is fine with DS as well. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">Willem’s impression that yuNkhaN vs. chaNkhe have something to do with obviation stems from the fact that both switch reference and obviation function to “highlight” changing referents in
discourse, so there is a connection. But as David says, what we are looking at in Lakota is a system in which switch reference is a secondary byproduct of pragmatic factors inherent in the meaning of the participating elements.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'">Regina<o:p></o:p></SPAN></div> <div class=MsoPlainText style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"></FONT></SPAN></div> <div> <div><BR><BR><B><I>ROOD DAVID S <rood@spot.Colorado.EDU></I></B> wrote:</div></div> <BLOCKQUOTE class=replbq style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #1010ff 2px solid"><BR><BR>For what it's worth, my purely anecdotal impression is that "chanke" marks <BR>a more or less expected continuation of a narration (hence translations <BR>like "and so" or "and then"
or "and next", while "yunkhan" (or yukhan) <BR>means "I bet you weren't expecting this next event". They thus correlate <BR>very often with switch reference (or switch-scene, or switch-topic) <BR>because a new or changed element in the conversation or narration is often <BR>somewhat unexpected by the hearer. Eli James used to translate "yukhan" <BR>as "and here" in useages like (this one is made up): "They were walking <BR>along and here all the time someone had been following them".<BR><BR><BR>David S. Rood<BR>Dept. of Linguistics<BR>Univ. of Colorado<BR>295 UCB<BR>Boulder, CO 80309-0295<BR>USA<BR>rood@colorado.edu<BR><BR>On Mon, 11 Jun 2007, willemdereuse@unt.edu wrote:<BR><BR>> Quoting REGINA PUSTET <PUSTETRM@YAHOO.COM>:<BR>><BR>>>> I wonder what the distribution of these Lakhota/Dakota particles is <BR>>>> relative to<BR>>> "obviation" or "case marking" or whatever else Lakhota/Dakota has in<BR>>> its
repertoire.<BR>>><BR>>> To me, there is no evidence for the existence of obviation in Lakota, if <BR>>> we define obviation as a system for manipulating pragmatic perspective.<BR>><BR>> Regina:<BR>><BR>> I was wondering if you had any thoughts/ideas about the yuNkhaN/chaNke <BR>> alternation in Lakota. I agree with Dave Rood's earlier answer to my <BR>> question about this, i.e. that Lungstrum's dissertation has not elucidated <BR>> this convincingly.<BR>><BR>> There is definitely some sort of alternation in Deloria's Dakota Texts, even <BR>> though texts by (at least some) modern speakers do not seem to have this.<BR>><BR>> Willem de Reuse<BR>><BR></BLOCKQUOTE><BR><p>
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