<HTML><BODY style="word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; -khtml-line-break: after-white-space; ">Hello Regina, First of all, many thanks for those enlightening & subtle comments, as well as for the extra data. <DIV>Your second example is most intriguing! Is "eyas^" there on its way to becoming a sentence-final (adverbial?) particle, (in addition to the more usual conjunctional use), I wonder? </DIV><DIV>Presumably also some degree of Ellipsis is operative? (e.g. a suppressed concessive clause, or such.)</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Incidentally, "kecamin" is as it appears in Starr's trad. orthography, (I inserted the aspirated c, and the penultimate word-accent [probably incorrectly, from another source], as well as interpreting the final "-n" as a nasal, in my transcription ) but perhaps it may be a typo. I thought it was probably a (sub-)dialectal variant of "kéchaNmi". Starr tells us at one point that he is Oglala, from Pine Ridge (but of Hunkpapa ancestry, through one of his grandfathers : "Ehanni tunkasilawaye kin Ojula Hunkpapa heca." [p. 53]..."Lehanl Oglala na Hunkpapa we hankeke ematanhan." [p. 54]). </DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>On checking just now, I notice that my edition of Fr. Buechel's Grammar [p.70, #49, e) ] , rather confusingly, gives "kécami" (accented thus, & sans aspirate) as 1stPsg. of "kéciN", whereas Buechel-Manhart Dict. has "kéc(h)anmi" from "kéc(h)iN" </DIV><DIV>To tell you the truth, I find Fr. Manhart's system of denoting aspirated stops very trying (and difficult to even see, without the aid of a large magnifier!)</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Regards,</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Clive.</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>P.S. Wishing you & your team great success with the Reference Grammar. Sorely needed! Oglu waste eciciyapelo.<BR><DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>On 14/06/2007, at 5:46 PM, REGINA PUSTET wrote:</DIV><BR class="Apple-interchange-newline"><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="3">Sentence-final eyas^ occurs in my data also. It imposes a concessive meaning that is sometimes hard to capture in translations. In</FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size="3"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <O:P></O:P></FONT></FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="3">wakhaN-yaN<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>ma-wa-ni<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>is^ta<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>ma-sanila<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>eyas^.</FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="3">spiritual-ADV<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>walk-1SG.AG-walk<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>eye<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1SG.PAT-one+sided<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>EYAS^</FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT size="3"><FONT face="Times New Roman">'I'm walking in a spiritual way, although I'm blind on one eye<O:P></O:P></FONT></FONT></SPAN></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size="3"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <O:P></O:P></FONT></FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="3">'although' works as a translation. The next example is a tougher case:</FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size="3"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <O:P></O:P></FONT></FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="3">tuwa<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>lel<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>hi<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>sece<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>eyas^.</FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="3">someone<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>here<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>arrive<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>maybe<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>EYAS^</FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="3">'Maybe someone has arrived'</FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size="3"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <O:P></O:P></FONT></FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="3">Here eyas^ implies that the arrival of 'someone' should have been noticed by the speaker. A more literal translation of your example might be something like 'although I have dealt with this in great detail [continuative -haN intensifies action] (and I actually should have encountered problems), I think it is easy to do'.</FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="3">iNs^e is an attenuating particle that can be translated by 'just' or 'maybe' in many cases. </FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman" size="3">BTW: is there a typo in kechámiN ? I'm familiar with the form kechaNmi for 'I think that' only.</FONT></DIV> <DIV class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><FONT size="3"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <O:P></O:P></FONT></FONT></DIV> <DIV><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">Regina</SPAN></DIV> <DIV><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"></SPAN> </DIV> <DIV><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"></SPAN> </DIV> <DIV><BR><BR><B><I>Clive Bloomfield <<A href="mailto:cbloom@ozemail.com.au">cbloom@ozemail.com.au</A>></I></B> wrote:</DIV> <BLOCKQUOTE class="replbq" style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #1010ff 2px solid"><BR><BR>"Oecun was^te kecamin iNs^e iwaNblakahe eyas^." <BR></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><BLOCKQUOTE class="replbq" style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #1010ff 2px solid">[ /oéchuN was^té <BR>kechámiN iNs^é iwáNblakahe éyas^/ ]<BR><BR>The translation supplied on Page 29, (presumably done by the author <BR>himself), reads :<BR><BR>"I'VE BEEN STUDYING THIS PROBLEM AND FROM MY OBSERVATIONS I THINK IT <BR>CAN BE DONE EASILY."<BR></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><BLOCKQUOTE class="replbq" style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: #1010ff 2px solid">What puzzles me somewhat is exactly how "éyas^" is operating there. <BR>What meaning, precisely, does "éyas^" add to that sentence? Is it an <BR>adversative conjunction? Does it link up with "iNs^é", to form a sort <BR>of "concessive complex" (so to speak) meaning "even though/ <BR>although"? Might it perhaps convey some idea of Indefiniteness?<BR><BR>Any observations would be appreciated.<BR>Toksha akhe,<BR>Clive Bloomfield.<BR><BR><BR></BLOCKQUOTE><BR><DIV> <BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><HR size="1">Park yourself in front of a world of choices in alternative vehicles.<BR><A href="http://us.rd.yahoo.com/evt=48246/*http://autos.yahoo.com/green_center/;_ylc=X3oDMTE5cDF2bXZzBF9TAzk3MTA3MDc2BHNlYwNtYWlsdGFncwRzbGsDZ3JlZW4tY2VudGVy">Visit the Yahoo! Auto Green Center.</A></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><BR></DIV></BODY></HTML>