<HTML><BODY style="word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; -khtml-line-break: after-white-space; "><SPAN class="Apple-style-span"><BR><DIV><DIV>On 11/12/2007, at 12:09 PM, Clive Bloomfield wrote:</DIV><BR class="Apple-interchange-newline"><BLOCKQUOTE type="cite"><DIV>I note that native-speaker Ivan STARR, ("Lakota Eyapaha", 1996), in his humane essay about ongoing traumatization of returning Lakota Vietnam vets "Vietnam Okicize Kin : Nahanhci Wokakije Wan Inyanke" [=The Vietnam Conflict : the Ordeal Continues Still] (pp.35-37), writes, with affecting pathos :</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV><SPAN class="Apple-style-span">"NahahNci hoks^ilapi eyas^ wicas^a thawichoh^'aN waN <FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF00FF">inila</FONT> iyapi na echuNpi. Lila oh^'ankhoya <FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">kiwichas^api</FONT>."</SPAN></DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV><SPAN class="Apple-style-span">"Even though they were still just boys, they <FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">w</FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">e</FONT><FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">nt off</FONT> to do a man's job, and they did just that, <FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF00FF">without complaint</FONT> (lit.: silently). They became men too quickly."</SPAN></DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Starr's English version : "They were still young boys yet they were sent to do a man's job which they did without complaining. They became men before their time." (p.37)</DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV>A minor quibble :</SPAN><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV><SPAN class="Apple-style-span">I've double-checked Starr's text there, and he does actually have 'inila i<FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">ya</FONT>pi' there. I'm uneasy with that ; wouldn't 'inila' alone suffice to express the idea : 'without backchat/complaint'? <DIV><SPAN class="Apple-style-span">I wonder if, given his English translation, that could be a defective transcription of an originally spoken : 'iya<FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">ya</FONT>pi' (=they set off/went away), </SPAN></DIV><DIV><SPAN class="Apple-style-span">or even, possibly 'i<FONT class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">yaye</FONT>yapi' (interpreted 'passively'=they were sent away?). But I guess one might have expected : 'iyayewichayapi' [=they sent them away] for that second meaning.<BR></SPAN></DIV><DIV><BR class="khtml-block-placeholder"></DIV><DIV>Clive.</DIV></SPAN></DIV></BODY></HTML>