<html><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px; ">Greetings Alfred & other Siouanist friends, </span><div style="font-size: 14px; "><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div style="font-size: 14px; ">Since I seem to have caused this little digression in the first place, by quite provocatively (& incorrectly) speculating on that Maltese feminine plural, </div><div style="font-size: 14px; ">perhaps, by way of compromise, I might be allowed to 'atone' somewhat, by gently leading us back on-topic with a few observations on the structure & vocabulary of a most intriguing Lakhota sentence, from the passages quoted extensively here earlier this month, from Emil Afraid-Of-Hawk's Iyapi translation of Nolan Clark's "Brave Against the enemy"(1944), (with a little Maltese "whale-lore" appended by way of a footnote.)? </div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div style="font-size: 14px; ">Incidentally, my sentence also alludes to Bruce's earlier captivating topic of Lakhota words & expressions for FEELINGS/EMOTIONS.</div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div style="font-size: 14px; ">Here is the fascinating sentence in question [It occurs as the second sentence of the second Lakhota paragraph, (which begins : "Marie Heh^logeca....") in my post of Jan 7] :</div><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div style="font-size: 15px; ">A) Emil AFRAID-OF-HAWK TEXT [p.19] :</div><div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Georgia" size="5" style="font: 17.5px Georgia"><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">Iteoyuze awichableze kin</font> hingnaku kin wachantokpani tkha wowachinye nica wicasha kin hecha, na hoksila kin insh waechinchinpika wachantokpanipi <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF00FF">kin</font> hecha <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">ableze</font>.</font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 10px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5" style="font-size: 16px; ">B) Ann NOLAN CLARK's original [p.18] :</font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 10px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 10px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Georgia" size="5" style="font: 17.5px Georgia">"She read in their faces the hopeless longing of the man, the eager longing of the boy."</font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="5" style="font-size: 16px; ">[NOTES :] I will submit one interpretation, but naturally my mind is open to other viewpoints! (which is exactly why I am here:) ). </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="5" style="font-size: 16px; ">That first '<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">kin</font>' seems to be used to topicalize (focus) & nominalize/sentence-embed(Ingham, Lakota, 12.2.2.) the first two words 'iteoyuze awichableze' [=What she perceived on their faces], in the very familiar manner of such sentences [Buech.Gr. p.230, #136, 2) a)] as : "wachin KIN he le e." [="this is what I want/what I want is this." -taku/takuku or some some such pronoun being understood there, one presumes.]. </font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="5" style="font-size: 16px; ">The immediately ensuing two hecha clauses, joined by conjunction 'na', beginning 'hignaku kin...hecha', and 'hokshila kin...hecha' appear to me to be PREDICATED of this topic, with 'ableze' appended anaphorically as a recapitulation, perhaps, of the embedded verb 'awichableze'.</font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">Thus I would translate more literally :</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">"<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">What she discerned on their facial features/from their facial expressions (iteoyuze)</font>, (was) that her husband was the kind of man (hecha) who experienced longing for things (wachantokpani), yet lacked all faith/confidence (wowachinye nica), and that, as for the boy (hokshila kin insh), his nature (hecha) was to be one of those (<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF00FF">partitive 'kin'</font>) who become "squeaky-wheels" (waechinchinpika kin), when they set their hearts on something (wachantokpaninpi), - <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">that much she saw clearly (ableze)</font>."</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">As regards that intriguing word 'waechinchinpika' (not in Riggs, or B-Md.), I had to guess at the meaning from the context, as well as being, of course, guided by Nolan Clark's English original. </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">Also, B-Md's lovely word "waekichinchinke" glossed thus : "one who persists in asking; one who wants sthg. very badly, and often asks", based presumably on the same basic root : "chin", also sheds much semantic light, I believe. </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">The animate plural -pi suffixes, on waechinchin(pi)ka & wachantokpani(pi), led me to realize that the final 'kin' before 'hecha ableze', in all likelihood, marked a Partitive construction with hecha. </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">Also, one has often heard people endowed with such traits, characterized as "squeaky-wheels", hence that rendering. </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">Kind regards to all,</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;">Clive. </span></font></div></span></font></div></div><div><br><div><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div>On 28/01/2008, at 6:07 AM, Alfred W. Tüting wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><blockquote type="cite"><p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 1.0px 90.0px; text-indent: -90.0px; font: 14.0px Helvetica"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; "><div style="font-size: 14px; ">(Clive)</div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div style="font-size: 14px; ">> BTW, Bruce, my Maltese friends tell me that , <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">in their enchanting tongue also, <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">ħuta</font> (f.sg.) [Two plurals (Determinate) <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">ħutiet</font> ; </span></font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">> (Collective) <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">ħut</font>] is the usual word for <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">fish</font>. </span></font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">> Their word for <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">whale</font> is <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">baliena</font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">. Not sure of plural there, prob. </font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">balienat</font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">, or </font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">balieniet</font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">. </font></span></font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; ">Clive, some 20 years back when in Għawdex (Gozo), I had been grappling with this very interesting language Malti for a couple of</span></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; ">years; Maltese being the only "Arabic" I ever ventured to deal with, I was eager then to even filter out some news from the local newspapers.</span></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; ">(I still own some yellowed copies, BTW.)</span></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; ">Consulting my old sources (Kaptan Pawlu Buġeja's "Kelmet il-Malti - Dizzjunarju Malti-Ingliż Ingliż-Malti and a grammar book by Joseph</span></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; ">Aquilina) I wasn't able to get a definite answer to your "quite simple" question ;-) Obviously the manifold plural forms in Maltese are </span></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">so obvious for native speakers - and students of English - that teacher Buġeja didn't regard them as worth mentioning.</font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">So I've to dare a guess: the word for "whale" might be treated as a loan word (not being of Arabic descent rather than adopted from Sicilian or</font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">Italian la balena), and it - also - seems to be fem.. So I'd suggest baliena [IPA baliə:na] - balien<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0606">i</font> [IPA baliə:ni]. Having checked all the rules</font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">regarding "plural by suffixes" (a "broken plural" doesn't seem to be appropriate), this seems to be the most probable result - but who knows? :(</font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">My doubts regarding your ?balienat or **balieniet - the stress would've to move to the last syllable -> ?baliniet - derive from baliena 1) NOT being</font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">of Arabic origin, 2) maybe not being adapted to the semitic word-pattern of Maltese. Here (2) I might be wrong though. What do you mean?</font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">Kind regards (and apology for being far off-topic)</font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial">Alfred : <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: -1; ">Ṫaigmuakiṫo (AWT)</span></font></div><div style="font-size: 14px; "></div></span></b></p></blockquote><br></div><div>Dear Alfred, You are absolutely correct, imho! </div><div>Baliena is of course a LOAN word, very probably from Sicilian balena (f.sg.) (whale) and as such, most unlikely to take one of those native Maltese semitic plural formations, either by feminine plural suffix (-at/-iet), or Broken Plural. </div><div>Further, since diphthong -ie- only occurs in stressed syllables (J.Aquilina, TYMaltese, 1965, p.28) writing a word balieniet would grossly violate a major orthographical rule of Maltese!</div><div>Finally, since feminine words ending in -a in Sicilian regularly form their plurals in -i (unlike in Standard written Italiano) [Joseph E. Privitera ; "Beginner's Sicilian", Hippocrene Books, 1998, p.44], so that balena would have Sicilan plural baleni, I reckon that your suggestion there is spot on 'the money'! </div><div>[See also Acquilina, op.cit., p.77, 1. (i).; Capt. Paul Buggeja, "Maltese-How To Read & Speak It", Il-Hajja Press, Malta, 1958, 1974, p.107] </div><div>There are lots of similar feminine words of similar origins, such as : karta/karti 'paper'; bolla/bolli 'postage stamp'; kuccarina/kuccarini 'teaspoon'; karozza/karozzi 'car', which confirm your conjecture. However, a notable exception is 'furketta' Pl. 'frieket' -perhaps it was more thoroughly semiticized, because 'borrowed' earlier?</div><div>Mea culpa, Well done!</div><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div>Alles gute,</div><div><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div><div>Clive.</div><br></div></body></html>