<html><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; ">1) (a) Ann NOLAN CLARK's English Original, 1944. [Page 18]</span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">[Young Lakhota boy Louie says to his Dad, Joe :]</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Georgia" size="5" style="font: normal normal normal 17.5px/normal Georgia; ">Louie : "Father do you see how level his back is from his shoulders to his tail?"</font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 17.5px/normal Georgia; min-height: 20px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; ">Joe : "He has everything, alright. There is a bull to sire a herd!"]</span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"> (b) Emil AFRAID-OF-HAWK's translation [Page 19] :</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Georgia" size="5" style="font: normal normal normal 17.5px/normal Georgia; ">L : "<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">Ate wanyanki yetho, hinyete kin hetan na sinte kin hehan iyagleya chuwi kin lila blaska yelo!</font>"</font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 17.5px/normal Georgia; min-height: 20px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Georgia" size="5" style="font: normal normal normal 17.5px/normal Georgia; ">J. : "<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">Taku oyas'in iyojula thanchan kithun welo. Thabloka kin le etan optaye washte wan ichagapi okihi hecha yelo!</font>"</font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div></span></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"> (c) Back-translation from Lakhota, aimed at ascertaining its literal meaning, and structure.</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">L : "Won't you just take a look, dad! (lit. please look!) From his shoulder [<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">hinyete kin hetan</font>] all the way down to his tail [<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">sinte </font></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF"> kin hehan iyagleya</font>], his back is so (lit. very) level!"</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">J. : "He has the perfect body/his body's got the lot, that's a fact [<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">yelo</font>]." </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"> (lit. "He's sure grown/possesses a body [<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">thanchankithun</font>] full of [<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">iyojula</font>] everything!" [<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">taku oyas'in</font>] (i.e. everything </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"> desirable in a prize stud-bull, presumably) "] </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"> "From such a bull as this, you/one might breed a great herd (OR 'a great herd might be bred')!"</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"> </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"> (lit. "This is the type [<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">hecha</font>] of bull [<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">thabloka kin le</font>] from which [<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">etan</font>] it is possible [<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">okihi</font>] a fine herd might be bred </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"> [<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">ichagapi</font>].")</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">[NOTES:] Buech.-M. supplies a verb (stative?) <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">thanchaNthon</font> : 'to have a body/to be ripe or full-grown'. </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">Could the above form in the text, (despite <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">thanchan</font> & <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">kithon</font> being written separately), perhaps be an unlisted Dative-Possessive (-ki-) of that verb?</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">Questions. : </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">Is <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">thabloka kin le</font> the subject of <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">hecha</font>, but NOT of <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">okihi</font> as I take it to be, and therefore does postposition <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">etan</font> here have a indirect relative sense "from which"? </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">If it IS a relative clause with definite antecedent, mightn't one have expected '<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">wan</font>' with antecedent '<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">thabloka</font>' and a '<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">kin</font>' after '<font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">okihi</font>'? Like so :</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">"le thabloka <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">wan</font> etan optaye washte wan ichagapi okihi <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">kin</font> hecha yelo!"</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">[=Here is a bull, one of <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">the</font> sort from which it is possible a fine herd may spring!]</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">Or, if 'etan' directly governs 'thabloka kin le', as it appears to do, prima facie, can 'this bull' simultaneously be the subject of 'hecha', as well as in regimen with the postposition? </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">Does 'okihi' have an impersonal sense here, hence lack of animate-pluralizing '-pi'? </span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 18px; ">2.) (a) Ann NOLAN CLARK's Original [Page 18]</span></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 17.5px/normal Georgia; min-height: 20px; "><br></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Georgia" size="5" style="font: 17.5px Georgia">"Why is it," she thought, "that Indians never have what they want most? Here is my man who worked for forty years building a herd and had to see it dwindle <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">and die in as many months</font>. What has he now? He has nothing. Not even the hides and the bones are left from a herd of a thousand head!"]</font></div><div><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; "><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Georgia" size="5" style="font: normal normal normal 17.5px/normal Georgia; "> (b) Emil AFRAID-OF-HAWK's Translation [Page 19] :</font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Georgia" size="5" style="font: normal normal normal 17.5px/normal Georgia; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">"Tokheshkhe" echin, "Lakhota kin taku wanji aiyotanh^ci chinpi khesh t'inza yuhapi kta okihipi shni? Le wichasha mithawa kin waniyetu wikcemna top ptegleshka optaye wan wichayuichagin kte h^cin, na lila wowashi echun, na wanwichaglagye h^ci sanp conala ayapi,</font> <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">na tonakecapi kin he wiyawapi kin waniyetu yamni ihunniyan sotapi</font>. <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF"></font></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font face="Georgia" size="5" style="font: normal normal normal 17.5px/normal Georgia; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">Na anpetu kin lehanyan taku yuha he? Takuni h^ci yuha shni. Ptegleshka opawinge wikcemna wanji wicayuha tkha k'un etanhan tahalo nahuhu e kayesh yuha shni," echin najin he."</font></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"> (c) A back-translation from the Lakota :</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">"How come/How is it?" she thought, "that the Lakhota, although they desire a thing above all else <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">[aiyotanh^ci]</font>, are (nevertheless) unable to keep a firm hold upon it? This husband of mine has put in huge efforts <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">[...kte h^cin] </font>to bulid up a buffalo herd for 40 years, and has laboured extremely hard, and (yet) even as he watched over them, (his own herd) <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">[wanwichaglagye h^ci]</font> (OR perh. "under their owner's very gaze") , they thinned out <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">[sanp conala ayapi]</font>, <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">and their population/numbers </font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">[tonakecapi]</font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000"> dwindled to nothing </font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">[sotapi]</font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000"> (during/over/within<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000"> a period of) months </font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">[wiyawapi kin]</font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000"> amounting to/totalling </font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">[ihunniyan]</font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000"> three years.</font> (i.e. about 40 months). </span></font></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); ">And what has he got these days <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">[anpetu kin lehanyan]</font>? He owns a big fat <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">[h^ci]</font> zero. <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF"> </font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">Out of</font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF"> </font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">a thousand head of cattle that he used to <font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">[tkha k'un] </font><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000000">possess, he hasn't even got their hides & bones," she reflected as she stood there. </font></font></span></font></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">Toksha akhe, mitakuyepi,</span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;"><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></span></font></div><div style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Georgia" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 18px;">Clive.</span></font></div></span></span></font></div>
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