In defence of the thesis that contemporary Hebrew is more Slavic than Semitic, I would submit the following:<br><br>* The extensive calquing and evidence on new word formation patterns reflect European, not Semitic, models. Taxonit, as described by Rosen, comes from an inherited root meaning "camp for the night", and was originally absorbed into Israeli Hebrew to translate French "se stationer". Since then it has become a basic unit for translating any European cognate of "station" including "radio station", "train station", etc. Compare the words for these same concepts in the Arabic languages and Neo-Aramaic, and you will see that there is nothing Semitic about Hebrew word formation.<br>
* The sound structure of the standard variety has been thoroughly Europeanised (although I have noted some initial examples of a Semitic-like but not necessarily specifically Semitic lowering of vowels before khaf where traditionally this is only supposed to happen before chet). The loss of gemination has profoundly affected the morphosyntax in various areas.<br>
* Even morphosyntax has been Europeanised where necessary to reproduce European semantic paradigms. The three-tense system is an obvious example of this - the present tense, derived from historical gerunds, no longer looks morphosyntactically like a gerund construction, but is a fully functional tense alongside past and future (which were historically something more akin to concrete/potential). The promulgation of copulas in the spoken standard variety where they are not allowed in the written standard variety (as Willem notes, the written standard is more consciously Semitic) is another example of Europeanised morphosyntax.<br>
<br>Getting away from linguistics and back to real life for a second, Bob is absolutely right that there are many ideas of what constitutes success in revival, and these ideas almost always differ from those of linguists (except in the rare instances when a programme is being led by a Western-trained indigenous linguist - problematic in its own right).<br>
<br>- Bryan<br><br><div class="gmail_quote">2008/7/6 <<a href="mailto:rwd0002@unt.edu">rwd0002@unt.edu</a>>:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
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--- On Sun, 7/6/08, Rankin, Robert L <<a href="mailto:rankin@ku.edu" target="_blank">rankin@ku.edu</a>> wrote:<br>
<br>
From: Rankin, Robert L <<a href="mailto:rankin@ku.edu" target="_blank">rankin@ku.edu</a>><br>
Subject: RE: [NDNAIM] Activists . . . Endangered Languages<br>
To: <a href="mailto:siouan@lists.Colorado.EDU" target="_blank">siouan@lists.Colorado.EDU</a><br>
Date: Sunday, July 6, 2008, 8:21 AM<br>
<br>
I'd add a third way. Modern Hebrew has been seriously reconfigured, some<br>
would say creolized. Paul Wexler at Tel Aviv Univ. goes so far as to call it a<br>
"Slavic language in search of a Semitic past." His contention is that<br>
it is relexified E. Slavic (he simply called it "Ukrainian" in a<br>
lecture he gave at KU). It was relexified with German vocabulary to form<br>
Yiddish and with Hebrew vocabulary to form modern "Hebrew". So<br>
eastern European immigrants don't actually learn a Semitic language in<br>
Israel -- just vocabulary. To the extent that this may be true, it pretty much<br>
erases the only really convincing case of revival. Wexler's website has the<br>
details if you're interested.<br>
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(...)<br>
<blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.8ex; padding-left: 1ex;">
Bob<br>
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<br>
The Hebrew revival is indeed very different, we all agree on that. Hebrew never died out as a religious language nor as a written language. However, I think it is a bit of an exaggeration to say that Modern Hebrew is a relexified Slavic language. At least one morphological feature of Modern Hebrew, its typically Semitic nonconcatenative morphology, is not Slavic and is still productive. That cannot be explained through relexification of a Slavic language.<br>
<br>
The Jewish activists who revived Hebrew were extremely conscious of the Semitic morphological features of Hebrew, (and heard Arabic, a related Semitic language, spoken around them), so they did all they could to make sure Hebrew retained, maybe not a fundamental, but at least an strong indexical, Semitic character. Even Yiddish, certainly more clearly a Slavic language relexified with Germanic than Modern Hebrew is, retains some uncannily Semitic morphological features.<br>
<br>
To reconnect to Siouan, it is an interesting ideological issue, relevant to all people interested in reviving an extinct language. Suppose we wanted to revive an extinct Siouan language, in addition to Siouan lexicon, what sorts of morphological features would we wanna insist on to convince ourselves this is a genuine Siouan language? Split intransivity? instrumental prefixes?, locative prefixes?<br>
<br>
Willem<br>
<br>
<br>
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