<tt><font size=2>David wrote:</font></tt>
<br><tt><font size=2>> I'm trying to tap into the biggest<br>
> database I know of for knowledge of languages, namely all of<br>
> you. I have a query from someone who wants to know<br>
> whether a language exists that does not equate "bright"
and<br>
> "dim" in the sense of light and shadow/dark with the same<br>
> words used to describe intellectual acuity or lack<br>
> thereof. In English we can call people "bright" and<br>
> "dim(witted)" to mean 'smart' and 'not so smart'.<br>
> <br>
> Do you know of a language that lacks that equation?<br>
</font></tt>
<br><tt><font size=2>Japanese uses atama ga ii, 'has a good head', or surudoi,
'sharp/keen', for "intelligent", and a special word, baka, for
'foolish/stupid/ridiculous'. Metaphorically, akarui, 'bright', means
"happy" or "lively". As far as I can tell from
my dictionary, it lacks that equation.</font></tt>
<br>
<br><tt><font size=2>But since this is a Siouanist list, what about Siouan
and other native North American languages? For Omaha, we have wazhiN-ska
listed in the Stabler-Swetland dictionary for 'smart/intelligent', along
with 'wise', 'knowledge', 'clever' and 'sober'. wazhiN seems to mean
something like 'disposition', 'will', 'mentality' or 'anger', perhaps like
the early Germanic meaning of /mood/. ska means 'white', and is also
said to mean 'clear' or 'bright', although I've never been able to make
that connection. So the term actually seems to mean something like
"white-disposition", with the main implication of wisdom and
sobriety of conduct, not so much what we're looking for here as the ability
to grasp ideas quickly. No word is listed for 'stupid', and the closest
I can get is 'foolish', which merges with groNriN, 'crazy', as the opposite
of wisdom and sobriety.</font></tt>
<br>
<br><tt><font size=2>In Carolyn Quintero's Osage Dictionary, wadhilaNhtaNaN
is listed for 'smart/intelligent'. That should correspond to Omaha
warigroN-ttoN, 'having brain/thoughts/mind'. This is more the concept
we are looking for, but without the bright/dim metaphor. Again, nothing
is listed for 'stupid', and the closest we get is c?eka, 'crazy'.</font></tt>
<br>
<br><tt><font size=2>In John P. Williamson's 1902 English-Dakota Dictionary,
we find wasdonya, 'knowledgeable', listed for 'intelligent', and for 'smart'
waciNksapa, 'wise/prudent waciN', where waciN should be cognate to Omaha
wazhiN and means 'thinking' or 'purpose'. 'Stupid' gets tawaciNtata,
apparently 'dull mind', and waciNksapes^ni, 'not waciNksapa', i.e. 'imprudent'.</font></tt>
<br>
<br><tt><font size=2>None of these languages, with the possible exception
of Omaha, seems to use "bright" as a metaphor for 'intelligent'.
So I'm going to turn the question around and ask what languages do
use the metaphor. What languages outside of English equate brightness
with intelligence and dimness with stupidity? Also, do languages
exist that simply don't have words for 'intelligent' or 'stupid' in the
sense we are looking for? It seems to me that this whole concern
for evaluating people in terms of intellectual acuity parallels the rise
of the educational establishment in recent history. Prior to that,
I think interest was more in a person's sensibility of conduct rather than
their I.Q.</font></tt>
<br>
<br><tt><font size=2>Rory</font></tt>
<br>