<tt><font size=2>Bryan wrote:</font></tt>
<br><font size=3>How distinctive is nasality on unstressed final low vowels
anyway? Think about gthéboⁿ "ten", which only a few people pronounce
that way anymore: it has become gthéba for many others.</font>
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<br><tt><font size=2>I agree, at least for the modern epoch. I believe
Dorsey used shinudaN for 'dog', but I have been corrected by more than
one modern speaker when I tried to pronounce it that way. When I
was working with recordings in Audacity, I noticed that nasality in longish,
stressed syllables at least was actually segmented toward the end, rather
than being a part of the whole vowel. So the first part of a "nasal"
vowel is often actually oral, and followed by a generic nasal sound almost
as a separate mora. When I realized that, I happily accepted the
orthographic raised n instead of using the underhook. I think the
reason we lose nasality so easily on those unstressed final vowels is that
that last nasal segment is simply truncated.</font></tt>
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<br><font size=3>One thing that makes me skeptical of the clarity-metaphor's
necessity is that many languages, including Umoⁿhoⁿ and Baxoje, have
a word for "clear" that is <i>not </i>ska, but rather the other
common Siouan word for white, sóⁿ [są] (U) / tháⁿ [θą] (B).</font>
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<br><tt><font size=2>That's interesting. Can you offer some examples?</font></tt>
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<br><font size=3>In the dictionary Jimm gives Lakȟota bléza "sane",
Dakhota mdéza "clear", Hocąk péres "clear, sane, intelligent"
as cognates of brédhe. I suspect a connection also with grédhe "many-coloured".
Interestingly, rédhe is "tongue". Umoⁿhoⁿ gthéze is "spotted/rippled",
maybe they don't say bthéze because they say wazhíⁿska instead, maybe
one of the speakers has heard a word like bthéze before?</font>
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<br><tt><font size=2>Good idea! I'm working with one this semester
to brush up the Stabler-Swetland dictionary. I'll try to remember
to ask her.</font></tt>
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<br><tt><font size=2>Rory</font></tt>
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