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Walker doesn't say anything about the 'buried man' being the woman's
brother-in-law. He says that this arrangement could only happen
with the husband's consent, seldom given, which argues against any
sort of customary right. What Walker describes in this passage
doesn't sound like marriage at all: he does not say anything about
coresidence, economic obligations between the 'buried man' and the
couple, or any of the other concommitants of marriage, except for
parentage of children of the relationship, which was assigned to the
original pair. I suspect that Walker was of the view that the only
socially-approved sex relations a woman could have were marital:
polyandry would exist if a woman could have such relations with more
than one man at a time. Put simply: if a woman has sex with a man,
he's her husband, otherwise she's an adultress.<br>
<br>
Mary<br>
<br>
<br>
On 23/09/2011 1:53 PM, Greer, Jill wrote:
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D">Aloha Mark, Mary, and All,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D">Might the practice of the levirate and
institutionalized joking between a woman and her husband’s
brothers be related to a potential sexual relationship there
(especially if the brother’s wife were to die)? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D">Outside the realm of Siouan-speaking groups,
I do recall E. Adamson Hoebel’s work on the Cheyenne
mentioning that the legal punishment for adultery was NOT
enforced for one’s wife sleeping with one of a man’s
brothers because in fact, a brother had the traditional
right of sexual access to his brother(s)’ wife. Since the
traditional anthropological explanation of polyandry
emphasizes fraternal examples, it really seems to fit with
the concept of temporary or sporadic wife sharing. When
would you decide where the former stopped, and actual
polyandry began? It was a long time ago when I was asked
to teach someone’s course on Social Control and Law, so I
could be misremembering a detail, but the shock value of
that scenario made an impression on my then-youngish mind.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D">This recollection comes especially from the
book he wrote about law and legal systems - sorry the exact
reference is at home, and my brain is hoping for the
weekend to begin soon, but it’s an interesting
discussion. Naturally, it fits better with a patrilineal
descent reckoning, which makes me wonder if it is totally
unheard of in Crow?
</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;
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color:#1F497D">Best,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;
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color:#1F497D">Jill</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville
Old Face","serif"; color:#1F497D">Dr. Jill D.
Greer
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville
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Professor</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville
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Science Department</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville
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Newman Road</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville
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64801
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville
Old Face","serif"; color:#1F497D">417.625.9795</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville
Old Face","serif"; color:#1F497D"><a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:Greer-j@mssu.edu">Greer-j@mssu.edu</a></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">
Siouan Linguistics [<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Mark J Awakuni-Swetland<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, September 23, 2011 8:01 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a class="moz-txt-link-abbreviated" href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: Lakota=>Siouan polyandry inquiry</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Aloha
Mary,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Thanks
for the 'fertility expedient' idea.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Walker
does not provide a Lakota expression in the surrounding
text.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">He
does not expand on the term "buried man" either.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Mark</span>
<br>
<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Mary
C Marino <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:mary.marino@USASK.CA">mary.marino@USASK.CA</a>></span></b><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;
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</span><br>
<span style="font-size:7.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Sent
by: Siouan Linguistics <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a>></span>
</p>
<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">09/22/11
10:28 PM</span>
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align="center"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Please
respond to<br>
Siouan Linguistics <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a>></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span
style="font-size:7.5pt;
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Lakota=>Siouan polyandry inquiry</span></p>
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<br>
<br>
Hello Mark<br>
<br>
I have never heard of this before regarding either the Lakota
or the Dakota, and I think this is a questionable use of the
term 'polyandry'. It sounds more like an expedient to address
infertility in a marriage otherwise satisfactory to the
husband and wife. Does Walker further describe this concept
of the 'buried man'? Does he give a Lakota expression? <br>
<br>
Mary<br>
<br>
<br>
On 22/09/2011 8:13 AM, Mark J Awakuni-Swetland wrote: <br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Aloha
All,</span>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
My Anthropology Department Chair Ray Hames brought me a copy
of James Walker's LAKOTA SOCIETY with an inquiry.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
He and a student are preparing a journal article describing
polyandry (a woman having more than one husband).</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
They are finding accounts of this practice in groups outside
of the regularly cited groups known to use this strategy.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
In the Walker case, there is no reference or citation as to
the source of his statement regarding polyandry among the
Lakota.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
I have included the paragraph that mentions polyandry from
page 55 of Walker's book for your reference.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
Ray Hames also inquired as to the meaning of the second
husband being considered "buried"</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
Does anyone know of this practice among the Lakota or other
Siouan groups?</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
I am not aware of it among the Omaha.</span> <br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
I would presume that if such a practice existed there would
be a term for that names this arrangement, the second
husband, terms of relations, etc.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
Thanks</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
Mark</span> <br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
Mark Awakuni-Swetland, Ph.D.<br>
Associate Professor of Anthropology & Ethnic Studies <br>
Native American Studies Program Liaison<br>
University of Nebraska<br>
Department of Anthropology<br>
841 Oldfather Hall <br>
Lincoln, NE 68588-0368<br>
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