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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Aloha Mark, Mary, and All,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Might the practice of the levirate and institutionalized joking between a woman and her husband’s brothers be related to a potential sexual relationship there
(especially if the brother’s wife were to die)? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Outside the realm of Siouan-speaking groups, I do recall E. Adamson Hoebel’s work on the Cheyenne mentioning that the legal punishment for adultery was NOT
enforced for one’s wife sleeping with one of a man’s brothers because in fact, a brother had the traditional right of sexual access to his brother(s)’ wife. Since the traditional anthropological explanation of polyandry emphasizes fraternal examples, it
really seems to fit with the concept of temporary or sporadic wife sharing. When would you decide where the former stopped, and actual polyandry began? It was a long time ago when I was asked to teach someone’s course on Social Control and Law, so I could
be misremembering a detail, but the shock value of that scenario made an impression on my then-youngish mind.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">This recollection comes especially from the book he wrote about law and legal systems - sorry the exact reference is at home, and my brain is hoping for
the weekend to begin soon, but it’s an interesting discussion. Naturally, it fits better with a patrilineal descent reckoning, which makes me wonder if it is totally unheard of in Crow?
</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Best,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Jill</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville Old Face","serif"; color:#1F497D">Dr. Jill D. Greer
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville Old Face","serif"; color:#1F497D">Associate Professor</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville Old Face","serif"; color:#1F497D">Social Science Department</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville Old Face","serif"; color:#1F497D">MSSU</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville Old Face","serif"; color:#1F497D">3950 E. Newman Road</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville Old Face","serif"; color:#1F497D">Joplin, MO 64801
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville Old Face","serif"; color:#1F497D">417.625.9795</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Baskerville Old Face","serif"; color:#1F497D">Greer-j@mssu.edu</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Siouan Linguistics [mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Mark J Awakuni-Swetland<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, September 23, 2011 8:01 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: Lakota=>Siouan polyandry inquiry</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Aloha Mary,</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Thanks for the 'fertility expedient' idea.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Walker does not provide a Lakota expression in the surrounding text.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">He does not expand on the term "buried man" either.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Mark</span> <br>
<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Mary C Marino <<a href="mailto:mary.marino@USASK.CA">mary.marino@USASK.CA</a>></span></b><span style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">
</span><br>
<span style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Sent by: Siouan Linguistics <<a href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a>></span>
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<p><span style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">09/22/11 10:28 PM</span>
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Siouan Linguistics <<a href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a>></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:7.5pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Re: Lakota=>Siouan polyandry inquiry</span></p>
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Hello Mark<br>
<br>
I have never heard of this before regarding either the Lakota or the Dakota, and I think this is a questionable use of the term 'polyandry'. It sounds more like an expedient to address infertility in a marriage otherwise satisfactory to the husband and wife.
Does Walker further describe this concept of the 'buried man'? Does he give a Lakota expression? <br>
<br>
Mary<br>
<br>
<br>
On 22/09/2011 8:13 AM, Mark J Awakuni-Swetland wrote: <br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"">Aloha All,</span>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
My Anthropology Department Chair Ray Hames brought me a copy of James Walker's LAKOTA SOCIETY with an inquiry.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
He and a student are preparing a journal article describing polyandry (a woman having more than one husband).</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
They are finding accounts of this practice in groups outside of the regularly cited groups known to use this strategy.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
In the Walker case, there is no reference or citation as to the source of his statement regarding polyandry among the Lakota.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
I have included the paragraph that mentions polyandry from page 55 of Walker's book for your reference.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
Ray Hames also inquired as to the meaning of the second husband being considered "buried"</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
Does anyone know of this practice among the Lakota or other Siouan groups?</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
I am not aware of it among the Omaha.</span> <br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
I would presume that if such a practice existed there would be a term for that names this arrangement, the second husband, terms of relations, etc.</span>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
Thanks</span> <span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
Mark</span> <br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
<span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><br>
Mark Awakuni-Swetland, Ph.D.<br>
Associate Professor of Anthropology & Ethnic Studies <br>
Native American Studies Program Liaison<br>
University of Nebraska<br>
Department of Anthropology<br>
841 Oldfather Hall <br>
Lincoln, NE 68588-0368<br>
</span><u><span style="color:blue"><br>
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Phone 402-472-3455<br>
FAX: 402-472-9642</span> </p>
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