<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" ><tr><td valign="top" style="font: inherit;"><DIV>I know that among our people of Saponi that the "Cedar" a.k.a. Juniper and the Cypress are sacred trees used for various things such as guarding graves and protection. Seems that there is no actual true cedar species in North America that is native. The trees refered to as cedars are actually either cypress trees or juniper trees. It is interesting that you bring up the subject of the Osage Orange tree, I was raised to call it the Horse Apple tree. </DIV>
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<DIV> /xąte/ or /xǫte/ this is your projected word in Tutelo-Saponi for cedar correct?</DIV>
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<DIV><BR>Scott P. Collins<BR>----------------------------------------------------------------------<BR>WE ARE THE ONES WE HAVE BEEN WAITING FOR<BR><BR>Evil Is An Outer Manifestation Of An Inner Struggle<BR><BR>“Men and women become accomplices to those evils they fail to oppose.”<BR><BR>"The greater the denial the greater the awakening."<BR><BR>--- On <B>Sun, 5/13/12, Rankin, Robert L. <I><rankin@KU.EDU></I></B> wrote:<BR></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE style="BORDER-LEFT: rgb(16,16,255) 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px"><BR>From: Rankin, Robert L. <rankin@KU.EDU><BR>Subject: Re: Biloxi Words and Tutelo-Saponi<BR>To: SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu<BR>Date: Sunday, May 13, 2012, 1:30 PM<BR><BR>
<DIV class=plainMail>There's a proto-Siouan 'cedar' word. I'll get it for you.<BR><BR>"Yellow wood" in the Dhegiha languages is reserved for the wood of the Osage orange. It was also called "the bow wood tree" because of the resilience of the branches. This is why it's called "bois d'arc" in French. Cedar was considered holy among the Siouan tribes of the plains, but I don't know how far back East this goes.<BR><BR>The udi term in Biloxi is from proto-Siouan *hu:de which refers to the base or trunk of any object. It occurs in lots of tree names.<BR><BR>From the Comparative Siouan Dictionary:<BR><BR>GLOSS[ juniper, red cedar<BR><BR>PSI[ *xąte<BR><BR>MAndan[ óxtąre ~ óxtą ‘cedar’ H-134<BR><BR>MA[ oxtą́ ‘pine tree?’ C<BR><BR>MA[ oxtą́• ‘sage?’ C<BR><BR><BR><BR>PMV[ *xą́te<BR><BR>LAkota[ xąté ‘cedar’ C<BR><BR>DAkota[ †xąté “ḣaŋté” ‘cedar’ R-162a<BR><BR>Omaha-Ponca[ †xąde
“áxoⁿdepa” ‘wrist guard’ FLF-225<BR><BR>Kanza[ xą́ǰe ‘cedar’ RR<BR><BR>OSage[ †xą́ce “xoⁿ´dse” ‘red cedar’ LF-219a<BR><BR>QUapaw[ xtté ‘cedar’ RR<BR><BR>QU[ xǫttéhi ‘cedar’ JOD<BR><BR><BR><BR>OTHLGS[ JEK: Iroquoian, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga ohnéhtaʔ, Huron “xahⁿdéhtaʔ”,<BR><BR>Wyandot “andeta”, Tuscarora uhtéhneh, Mithun (1984, 270).<BR><BR><BR><BR>COMmentary[ The OP term refers to a packet strapped to the sacred (cedar) pole:<BR><BR>|a-| ‘on, upon’, |xąde| ‘cedar’, |-pa| ‘locative (?)’. (Analysis from JEK).<BR><BR>The BI term for ‘cedar’ is borrowed from Western Muskogean. QU stress has<BR><BR>shifted; it must have been initial earlier in order for the |*t| to geminate.<BR><BR>The MA root appears to exhibit an irregular syncope. Cedar has sacred<BR><BR>properties among all or most of the Siouan-speaking peoples.<BR><BR><BR>Note the look-alikes in Iroquoian
languages. Numeroąus tree names are widespread terms.<BR><BR><BR>From these comparative data I would project the Tutelo word to be very similar, probably something very close to /xąte/ or /xǫte/, where /x/ is a gutteral sound like the "ch" of German Ach! Or Achtung!, words everybody knows from the movies.<BR><BR><BR>The wasti word in Tutelo corresponds to the general Siouan term for 'pine', but could possibly mean 'cedar' also.<BR><BR><BR>Bob<BR></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></td></tr></table>