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<DIV><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT color=#0000ff size=4>Ho, Bryan, wógisan
ritáwe wenáhinhi ke.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4 face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV>----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #0000ff 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px"
dir=ltr>
<DIV
style="FONT: 10pt arial; BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4; font-color: black"><B>From:</B>
<A title=linguist@EMAIL.ARIZONA.EDU
href="mailto:linguist@EMAIL.ARIZONA.EDU">Bryan James Gordon</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu
href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Monday, July 02, 2012 5:13 PM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> Re: PREFIX "WA-"
CONJUGATIONS</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV dir=ltr>Ahó hiⁿtáro, rigrá^thu ke Sage hédaⁿ, daríhgawi je?
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>There are a couple of ways to try to describe this system in ordinary
English, one of them as an infix (which requires you to explain what an infix
is), the other one as conjugating a verb that consists of two parts. The
second way seems to be more in line with the academic linguistic explanation,
which has wa- as a special prefix that sometimes affects the meaning of the
root in special ways. (For instance in wachi it is unclear what the meanings
of "wa" and "chi" are, although we can try to figure out how the word was
formed historically.)</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>An ordinary English explanation might look something like this:</DIV>
<DIV>
<UL>
<LI>Verbs like "wachi" are made up of more than one piece, and instead of
putting the pronouns at the beginning, we put them before the second piece.
<LI>The I-form is irregular in verbs which have this "wa" piece. Instead of
adding ha-, we add wa-.
<LI>Sometimes you can add this same "wa" piece to a verb to change its
meaning from "doing an action to a particular thing or person" to "doing an
action in general". For instance, ruje is to eat something in particular,
while warúje is to eat food in general. These wa- verbs are conjugated the
same way as verbs like wachi. </LI></UL>
<DIV>I'm open for comments and criticisms of that explanation. Finding
ordinary English explanations is becoming more and more central in my work,
and I'm always looking for better ways to do it. Hope it helps! Dagúre^shuⁿ
húⁿsrage rigráguⁿna ke, pí ramáñiwi iháre.</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>Bryan</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV class=gmail_quote>2012/7/2 Jimm GoodTracks <SPAN dir=ltr><<A
href="mailto:jgoodtracks@gmail.com"
target=_blank>jgoodtracks@gmail.com</A>></SPAN><BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><U></U>
<DIV lang=EN-US name="Compose message area" link="blue" vlink="purple"
bgcolor="white">
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4>A question comes from the Otoe-Missouria
Language Dept. in regard to the unique conjugation of "w-" prefixed
verbs, such as, "wachí" (dance)[L/Dak], wawáchi, I dance/ wayáchi, you
dance; "wasí" (IOM). Also noted in (L/D) "maní" (walk), mayáni, you
walk. We are all aware of this phenomenon in Siouan Languages, but I
do not recall anyone discussing it.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4>In the New Lakhota Dictionary:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4>"wa-" 1. indefinite object
marker. Usage: can be translated with 'people, things' and often gives
the verb a more general or abstract meaning" p.541</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4>NLD also speaks to a "large group of Lakota
verbs isactive verbs. They describe actions, espcially those governed
or controlled by the actor. They are the opposite of stative
verbs.... that one has no controll over them. ... Active
verbs are thus all those verbs that do not take the affixes ma- and
ni- for I and you respectively." p.709</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4>Can we have some explaination in easily
understandable English that I may share with the local language
communities?? jimm</FONT></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #0000ff 2px solid; PADDING-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-RIGHT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px">
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial">----- Original Message ----- </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial; BACKGROUND: #e4e4e4"><B>From:</B> <A
title=sky@omtribe.org href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org"
target=_blank>Campbell, Sky</A> </DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>To:</B> <A title=jgoodtracks@gmail.com
href="mailto:jgoodtracks@gmail.com" target=_blank>Jimm G. GoodTracks</A>
</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Sent:</B> Monday, July 02, 2012 9:24
AM</DIV>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt arial"><B>Subject:</B> RE: Aho!</DIV>
<DIV><BR></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><A name=13848d18a688b240__MailEndCompose><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d">Ah, so perhaps it is the difference between the wa-
being instrumental and the wa- being a part of the actual verb
stem/root? Or is the “wa-“ in “wasi” some other kind of prefix that
I’m unaware of? I’ve noticed that wa- wears a LOT of hats in
Otoe-Missouria LOL.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></A></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">How was your
weekend? Got plans for the 4<SUP>th</SUP>?<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Sky
Campbell, B. A.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Curriculum Materials
Developer<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Language
Department<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Otoe-Missouria
Tribe<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><A href="tel:580-723-4466"
target=_blank value="+15807234466">580-723-4466</A> ext.
111<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><A
href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org"
target=_blank>sky@omtribe.org</A><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #b5c4df 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 3pt">
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Jimm G.
GoodTracks [mailto:<A href="mailto:jgoodtracks@gmail.com"
target=_blank>jgoodtracks@gmail.com</A>] <BR><B>Sent:</B> Sunday, July 01,
2012 4:48 PM<BR><B>To:</B> Campbell, Sky<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re:
Aho!<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><U></U><U></U> </P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; COLOR: blue; FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">Ho
Hintado...... will be fine. Yes, you have the
conjugations correct for both "dance" & "write." Yes, there is a
difference in the kind of "wa-" prefix. For "write" the wa- is
an instrumental. For dance, it is a totally different phenomenon
that occurs across Siouan languages. I will try to research it, and
see if I can bring you an explanation. Meanwhile, It is not the only
instance where it ocurrs. </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke" class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <A
title=sky@omtribe.org href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org"
target=_blank>Campbell, Sky</A> <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke" class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Sent:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Thursday,
June 28, 2012 11:50 AM<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke" class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">To:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <A
title=jgoodtracks@gmail.com href="mailto:jgoodtracks@gmail.com"
target=_blank>Jimm G. GoodTracks</A> <U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke" class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Subject:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> RE:
Aho!<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman','serif'; FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Thanks for the
reply! I’ll go over this a few times to let it sink in. If
there needs to be some sort of kinship term, would hintaro work since I’m
not an Otoe relation (although following the thought of “we are all
related” may apply here but that might be a conversation for another time
</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; COLOR: #1f497d">J</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"> )? Ho hintaro! or that sort of
thing?<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">I have a question about
conjugating verbs that start with a “w”. I’ve noticed that sometimes
they conjugate differently and I was hoping you’d be able to tell me
why. Something tells me I may have asked you this before but I can’t
be sure LOL. For example:<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">wasi – he/she
dances<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">waasi – I
dance<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">warasi – you
dance<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">wagaxe – he/she
writes<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">hapagaxe – I
write<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">swagaxe – you
write<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Is there a reason they are
done differently?<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d; FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Sky
Campbell, B. A.<U></U><U></U></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Curriculum Materials
Developer<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Language
Department<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Otoe-Missouria
Tribe<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><A href="tel:580-723-4466"
target=_blank value="+15807234466">580-723-4466</A> ext.
111<U></U><U></U></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><A
href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org"
target=_blank>sky@omtribe.org</A><U></U><U></U></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"><U></U><U></U></SPAN> </P>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #b5c4df 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 3pt"><FONT
color=#0000ff
size=4></FONT> </DIV></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV><BR><BR
clear=all>
<DIV><BR></DIV>--
<BR>***********************************************************<BR>Bryan James
Gordon, MA<BR>Joint PhD Program in Linguistics and Anthropology<BR>University
of
Arizona<BR>***********************************************************<BR></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>