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<div style="direction: ltr;font-family: Tahoma;color: #000000;font-size: 10pt;">Thanks for the very detailed miyoglas'in discussion, Rory. I agree, and I like the expression 'chiming calque'.<br>
<br>
Willem<br>
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<div style="direction: ltr;" id="divRpF552853"><font color="#000000" face="Tahoma" size="2"><b>From:</b> Siouan Linguistics [SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu] on behalf of Rory Larson [rlarson1@UNL.EDU]<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, September 08, 2013 6:51 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: Miyoglasin<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Wingdings; color:#1F497D"><span style="">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"; color:black" lang="EN-GB">It is not unlikely that this was influenced by "mirrorglass". But it has a good Lakota etymology (see the New Lakota Dictionary), so this is NOT
a loan from English. (Coincidences happen. My favorite is [elkar] which means 'each other' in Dutch and in Basque.)<br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in"><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:Wingdings; color:black"><span style="">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:black">I have to admit that I’m very skeptical of 5 syllable long “coincidences”, so it seems to me more likely that ‘mirror’ is a loanword from either French or English
that may have been reanalyzed in terms of the vertitive given in the new dictionary.</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">The word miyoglasin, together with several variants of the term, appears in both Williamson and Riggs:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Riggs:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> mi-yó-gla-siŋ, n. T. a mirror, looking glass. See mioglasiŋ.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> mí-o-gla-siŋ, n. T. a mirror. See mniohdasiŋ.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> mni-yó-hda-siŋ, n. a looking-glass; window glass. See mioglasiŋ.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Williamson:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> mirror, n. Ihdiyomdasiŋ. Y. Mniokdasiŋ. T. Miyoglasiŋ.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Riggs:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">i-hdí-yo-mda-siŋ, n. a looking-glass, mirror. T., miyoglasiŋ. See aokasiŋ and okasiŋ.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">a-ó-ka-siŋ, v.a. to look into, peep into—aowakasiŋ, aoyakasiŋ, aouŋkasiŋpi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> ó-ka-siŋ, v. to look into. See aokasiŋ, kas’iŋ, and okakiŋ.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> ka-s’íŋ, adv. appearing, in sight. See aokasiŋ and okasiŋ.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">The term is pretty clearly based on the verb ókas(‘)iŋ, ‘to look into’. In its vertitive form óglasiŋ, it should mean ‘to look into at oneself’, which makes
very good sense for the meaning of ‘mirror’. The Yankton and one of the Santee forms suggest that the word originally began with the term m(i)ni, ‘water’, rather than the undefined element /mi/. The other Santee form shows that ‘oil’, ihdi, could be substituted
for ‘water’ to get the same sense (though in this case, they are apparently using a different instrumental prefix—not sure why). Most likely, native people were perfectly familiar with the concept of looking into a pool of clear, still liquid to see their
own faces long before European mirrors ever appeared.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">These dictionaries were developed in the 19<sup>th</sup> century, and the suite of terms taken together shows the approximate etymology without having to
assume a recent reanalysis. Only the Teton/Lakhota form shows any notable similarity to “mirrorglass”, and then only because that dialect happens to use the cluster /gl/ where other dialects use /hd/ or /kd/.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">This almost certainly is not a simple loanword from French or English. French seems to have both “miroir” and “glace” as words for ‘mirror’, where English
has “mirror” and “looking-glass”. But was a term like “mirrorglass” actually in circulation in either language in the 18<sup>th</sup> or 19<sup>th</sup> centuries? I don’t find it in my English dictionary, or in the French dictionary either. If we can document
that this compound was commonly used a couple of centuries ago, then perhaps the Lakhota form was influenced by it to the extent of changing initial mni- mi-. Otherwise, I think the “coincidence” here may actually illustrate the process of creating a chiming
calque, in this case, from Lakhota into English.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Cheers,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; color:#1F497D">Rory</span></p>
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