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<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#1F497D"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">But if Jan is right, and
<i>óglas'iŋ</i> is derived from <i>ókas'iŋ</i>, then the <i>G</i> of <i>glas'iŋ</i> is underlying
<i>ki</i>-, and the extra underlying syllable. Thus, the five underlying synchronic phonological syllables.
<br>
<br>
One way or another our phonology (morphophonolgy) has to account for the <i>b/w</i> and the
<i>g/k</i> allomorphy, and either the verb stems or the prefixes, or both, show alternations in all these cases.
<br>
<br>
From earlier:</span><span style="font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"> “The term is pretty clearly based on the verb
<i>ókas(‘)iŋ</i>, ‘to look into’. In its vertitive form <i>óglasiŋ</i>, it should mean ‘to look into at oneself” (probably into water)
<br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Forgive my lack of knowledge of Dakota, but do we mean ‘vertitive’, ‘reflexive’ or ‘possessive’ here? I guess it doesn’t matter to our discussion, since the
<i>G-</i> will alternate with a full syllable in any of those cases. <br>
<br>
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Okay, just to throw one more monkey-wrench into this discussion...<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I believe something else has happened here, external to a simple historical development of Proto-Siouan phonology. The *ki- prefix that goes to our G is what
should make the verb vertitive, reflexive or possessive. But the GL cluster comes from the sequence *ki + *r-, where *r- is most often the beginning of either *re, ‘go’, or of the instrumental prefixes *ru- ‘by hand’ or *ra- ‘by mouth: *ki-ru- => *kru- =>
GLu-, *ki-ra- => *kra- => GLa-.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">In this case though, the instrumental prefix of the base verb is *ka-, ‘by force’. Sticking vertitive *ki- in front of that should get *ki-ka- => *k-ka- =>
*kka- (?).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">But in Omaha at least, and apparently in Dakotan as well, it doesn’t come out that way. Rather, the vertitive/reflexive/possessive of a *ka- verb is GLa-,
just the same as for a *ra- verb. I was astonished to learn that in Omaha a few years ago, but internalized it well enough that I didn’t think twice about declaring ókas’iŋ to be the base verb of vertitive óglas’iŋ.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">In this case, I think there has been an analogical replacement of a difficult *k-k- series that speakers didn’t want to hack their way through. When they hit
the first *k-, they were momentarily confused as to whether it was the k of the *ki- or the k of the *ka- their verb started with. They opted for the latter. Then they wanted to make it vertitive, and remembered from all their *kru- and *kra- and *kre- verbs
that *kr- did just that. The [a] that followed was the [a] of the *ka- rather than that of *ra-. They just infixed an *r into the *ka- prefix to make it vertitive. The resulting GLa- thus became vertitive for both *ra- and *ka-. The difference is that
for *ra-, it is the G makes it vertitive, while for *ka-, it is the L that signals vertitive/reflexive/possessive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Now if we could peep into something by means of our mouth, perhaps Lakhota would describe this with the verb **óyas’iŋ. The vertitive form of this would be
óglas’iŋ, and a mirror that we use our mouth to look into would be a miyóglas’iŋ. This would have five syllables, counting the underlying *ki- that is represented by the G. But the actual word is the homonym miyóglas’iŋ which is based on ókas’iŋ. We do
not have an underlying affixed *ki-. We have only the instrumental prefix ka- which has been modified with an infixed L to signal vertitivity. Assuming this analysis of the vertitive/reflexive/possessive of *ka- verbs is correct, I think the phonological
argument would indicate that while miyóglas’iŋ, a mirror that we look into by means of our mouth, has five syllables, its homonym miyóglas’iŋ, a mirror that we look into forcefully, has only four.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Hoping that Willem, Jan and David still support my etymology for miyóglas’iŋ, and otherwise ducking and running for cover,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Rory<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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