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<div style="direction: ltr;font-family: Arial;color: #000000;font-size: 14pt;"><font size="4">Here are the cognate sets for 'seven'.<br>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">GLOSS[ seven 1</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">PSI[ *ša•kú•pa
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">OTHREC[ *sak-ma W-175</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">PCH[ *šáhpua < possible *šákupVhV (see discussion below)<br>
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">CR[ sáhpua ‘seven’ GG-55, DEC-82</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">HI[ šáhpua ‘seven’ J</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">MA[ kú•pa ‘seven’ C</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">PDA[ *šakówį</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">LA[ šákowį ~ šakówį ‘seven’ C</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">DA[ šákowį ~ šakówį ‘seven’ R-440</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">PWC[ *ša•k-</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">CH[ Otoe: są́ʔhmą ‘seven’ C</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">CH[ Iowa: sáhmą ~ šáhmą ‘seven’ RR</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">CH[ Otoe: sá•hmą ~ sáhmą ‘seven’ RR</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">WI[ šaagóowį ‘seven’ KM-2900</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">PSE[ *sa•ku•mį
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">OF[ †fə́kumi “fá</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal"><span style="color: black;">̣</span></b><span style="color: black;">kumĭ” ‘seven’ DS-323b</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">OF[ †fákumi “fA´kumî” ‘seven’ SW-1909:485</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">TU[ †sa•kó•m(į) ~ †sa•kú•m(į) “saagom (N), sagomēi, sāgōmią, sagomíñk”</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">‘seven’ H.</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">TU[ †sakúm “s’gúm” ‘seven’ Hw.</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">TU[ sakų́ ‘seven’ Sapir</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">TU[ sagóm ‘three, seven’ Frachtenberg</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">COM[ Like several other numbers, ‘seven’ is difficult to reconstruct with
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">certainty. The available forms may represent two stages of development. The
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">less transparent found in CR/HI, MA, CH (three subgroups) may be older. An
</span></font></p>
<font size="4"></font>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">approximate reconstruction might be {*ša•ku•pa} or {*ša•ku•pą}. DA and
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">WI show an apparently remodeled late form clearly based on {*ša•k-}</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">‘hand’ and {-wį} ‘one’, based in turn on the hand signal for ‘seven’ in
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">the sign language. The second fist (closed) represents ‘six’ and the same
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">with the index finger extended ‘seven’, i.e., ‘fist + one’. The {-o-} is
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">interpretable as ‘locative’ but may just be a relic of an original,
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">unanalizable {-u-}, folk etymologized as ‘locative {o-}’. The
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">reanalysed form would presumably have diffused through parts of MVS. DH and
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">BI innovate, using an entirely non-cognate, quinary term.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>The OVS forms look </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">primitive, not remodeled, for two reasons: a) OVS quite regularly shows
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">{*č < **š} in ‘hand’, while ‘seven’ has only {*s}, and b) the {*wį}
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">root, ‘one 2’, seems to be restricted to MVS (and possibly MA); OVS shows
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">only ‘one 1’. Also, shared remodeling in the neighboring DA and WI seems
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">quite ordinary; if the OVS forms are following the same pattern, then it
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">would presumably be a convergence, rather than a shared innovation, and we
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">find that more exceptional. Another possible argument has to do with the
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">{*wį} root itself: this root is one of those where the {*w} does not
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">nasalize to {m}. In CH and OVS, however, the word for ‘seven’ does exhibit
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">this nasalization. We think the DA alternants with first syllable stress are
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">due to contamination with ‘six’, presumably from serial counting.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>This is </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">one of the terms in which TU |s|, instead of the expected |*č|, corresponds
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">to PSI|*š|.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>The two long vowels plus the MA form suggest that the word was </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">morphemically complex to begin with.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>We know that CR/HI |-ua| represents loss </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">of an intervocallic glide -- typically |h|, possibly |w|.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>We also know that </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">CR/HI |hp| results from a cluster, here most likely |*kp|. That enables us
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">to back up from the attested forms to something like |*šakpuha|.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>The last </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">steps come from the reasonably well-attested rightward vowel transposition,
</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">which generally swaps a |u| for some vowel in the succeeding syllable.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>The </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">exchanged vowel has evidently been lost.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>Restoring it gives us |*šakVpuha|,</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">from which undoing rightward vowel transposition gives us |*šakupVha|.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>The </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">nasality of the PSI final vowel remains unresolved.</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">==</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">GLOSS[ seven 2</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">PDH[ *hpé•-rǫpa
<font size="4">h<font size="4">pe</font></font></span></font><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"><font size="4"><font size="4"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">•+'two'</span></font></font></font></span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">PN[ ppé•ðąba ~ ppéąba (fast) ‘seven’ So. Ponca RR</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">OP[ ppéðǫba ‘seven’ C</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">KS[ ppé:yǫba ‘seven’ RR</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">OS[ hpé:ǫpa ‘seven’ RR</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">QU[ ppé:nǫba ‘seven’ RR</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">BI[ †ną́pa-hudi “náⁿpahudí” ‘two’ + ‘stem, bone’ DS-238b</span></font></p>
<font size="4"></font>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
<font size="4"></font>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">COM[ Cf. ‘eight’.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">
</span>In DH and BI the counting system has shifted independently </span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">to a partial quinary pattern (similar to neighboring central Algonquian and
</span></font></p>
<font size="4"></font>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">Muskogean systems). DH {*hpe•-} is unidentified, and apparently unattested
</span></font></p>
<font size="4"></font>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">outside the counting words. Initial {hC} always indicates a lost initial
</span></font></p>
<font size="4"></font>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">syllable in DH, so the stem might conceivably be {nąpé} ‘hand’ (i.e., the
</span></font></p>
<font size="4"></font>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">‘second hand’ in counting, cf. the use of {*šak-} ‘hand’ in ‘seven 1’), or
</span></font></p>
<font size="4"></font>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">it might be some other term; at this point it is impossible to recover the</span></font></p>
<font size="4"></font>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">missing syllable. BI “náⁿpahudí” ‘two’ + ‘stem, bone’ (DS-238b) shows a</span></font></p>
<font size="4"></font>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">morpholexically dissimilar but semantically parallel quinary development.</span></font></p>
<font size="4"></font>
<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;">The PDH and BI forms are not cognate.</span></font></p>
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<p class="MsoPlainText"><font face="Arial" size="4"><span style="color: black;"> </span></font></p>
<span style="color:black">Bob<br>
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