<html><body><div style="color:#000; background-color:#fff; font-family:times new roman, new york, times, serif;font-size:12pt"><div><span>Cree Otenaw 'town' an Lakota Othunwahe is also an interesting resemblance.</span></div><div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 16px; font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; "><span>Bruce</span></div><div><br></div> <div style="font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; "> <div style="font-family: 'times new roman', 'new york', times, serif; font-size: 12pt; "> <div dir="ltr"> <hr size="1"> <font size="2" face="Arial"> <b><span style="font-weight:bold;">From:</span></b> "Rankin, Robert L." <rankin@KU.EDU><br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">To:</span></b> SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu <br> <b><span style="font-weight: bold;">Sent:</span></b> Tuesday, 10 September 2013, 2:01<br> <b><span style="font-weight:
bold;">Subject:</span></b> Re: Miyoglasin<br> </font> </div> <div class="y_msg_container"><br><div id="yiv6232851273"><style>
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<div style="direction: ltr; font-family: Arial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 14pt; ">Jan,<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
Thanks for the expert commentary and additional examples.<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
<i>O</i><font size="4"><span style="color:rgb(31, 73, 125);"><i>thúŋwahe</i> ‘town’ is another
<font size="4">on<font size="4">e of those <i>wanderwoerter</i> that has similar forms in Dakotan,
<font size="4">Dhegiha, and Biloxi as well as Choctaw and Chickasaw. I'm surprised it doesn't seem to be in Chiwere or Hochunk. I think it turns up in Virginia in the tribal name
<font size="4"><i>Tomahitan</i>, which would mean 'big town' also in Biloxi. It's not out of the question that the word is native Siouan, but the distribution and sound correspondences don't make me feel good. :-)<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
<font size="4">Bob</font><br clear="none">
</font></font></font></font></span>
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<div id="yiv6232851273divRpF706386" style="direction:ltr;"><font color="#000000" face="Tahoma" size="2"><b>From:</b> Siouan Linguistics [SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu] on behalf of Jan Ullrich [jfu@LAKHOTA.ORG]<br clear="none">
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, September 09, 2013 2:25 PM<br clear="none">
<b>To:</b> SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu<br clear="none">
<b>Subject:</b> Re: Miyoglasin<br clear="none">
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<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Dear all:</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">I think that there are more loan words in traditional Lakota than one may think. Here are some examples:</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">aspéla (from aspirin)</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">bébela ‘baby’ from French</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">khukhúše ‘pig’ from French</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">kuŋkúŋla - ‘cucumber’</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">khamíte ‘committee’</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">pusíla – ‘cat’</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">spakéli ‘spaghetti’</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">I recorded these word from fluent traditional speakers, although it is true that not all of them are recognized across the community. Such is the case of
spakéli, aspéla and pusíla, but the other ones are fully standardized lexical items. And I am quite sure that this is not the full list.
</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">I am intrigued by Bob’s comment that othúŋwahe ‘town’ might be borrowing as well. I recall reading somewhere (perhaps in one of John Koontz’s materials, but
I could be wrong) that the word itázipa ‘bow’ is a loan as well.</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Also, many speakers told me how their monolingual Lakota speaking grandparents Lakotized the children’s English names because they couldn’t pronounce them.
For example Delores was called “Čelowiŋ”, Imogene was “Imočila” etc. I have documented dozens of these. I think that this could be another indication that Lakota speakers were quite open to borrowing words from other languages. Contemporary speakers are usually
very reluctant to do so, but I think this might have been different when the majority of speakers were still monolingual. I wouldn’t be at all surprised if there were lots of loans from other tribes, especially on fauna and flora.</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">As for “mirror” I have always been skeptical about the “mirror glass” etymology because the analyses that involves mní ‘water’ and a possessive or reflexive
of ókas’iŋ ‘to peer into’ seem quite convincing and is consistent across dialects. But again, I can be wrong and it wouldn’t be for the first time.</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Jan</span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span></div>
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<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> Siouan Linguistics [mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>De Reuse, Willem<br clear="none">
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, September 09, 2013 1:58 AM<br clear="none">
<b>To:</b> SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu<br clear="none">
<b>Subject:</b> Re: Miyoglasin</span></div>
</div>
</div>
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<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">Thanks for the very detailed miyoglas'in discussion, Rory. I agree, and I like the expression 'chiming calque'.<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
Willem</span></div>
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<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;"> Siouan Linguistics [SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu]
on behalf of Rory Larson [rlarson1@UNL.EDU]<br clear="none">
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, September 08, 2013 6:51 PM<br clear="none">
<b>To:</b> <a rel="nofollow" shape="rect" ymailto="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu" target="_blank" href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a><br clear="none">
<b>Subject:</b> Re: Miyoglasin</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
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<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Wingdings; color: rgb(31, 73, 125); ">Ø</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;color:#1F497D;">
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;">It is not unlikely that this was influenced by "mirrorglass". But it has a good Lakota etymology (see the New Lakota Dictionary), so this is NOT a loan from
English. (Coincidences happen. My favorite is [elkar] which means 'each other' in Dutch and in Basque.)</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoListParagraph" style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Wingdings; color: black; ">Ø</span><span style="font-size:7.0pt;color:black;">
</span><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">I have to admit that I’m very skeptical of 5 syllable long “coincidences”, so it seems to me more likely that ‘mirror’ is a loanword from either French or English that may
have been reanalyzed in terms of the vertitive given in the new dictionary.</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">The word miyoglasin, together with several variants of the term, appears in both Williamson and Riggs:</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Riggs:</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> mi-yó-gla-siŋ, n. T. a mirror, looking glass. See mioglasiŋ.</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> mí-o-gla-siŋ, n. T. a mirror. See mniohdasiŋ.</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> mni-yó-hda-siŋ, n. a looking-glass; window glass. See mioglasiŋ.</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Williamson:</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> mirror, n. Ihdiyomdasiŋ. Y. Mniokdasiŋ. T. Miyoglasiŋ.</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Riggs:</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in;"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">i-hdí-yo-mda-siŋ, n. a looking-glass, mirror. T., miyoglasiŋ. See aokasiŋ and okasiŋ.</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in;"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">a-ó-ka-siŋ, v.a. to look into, peep into—aowakasiŋ, aoyakasiŋ, aouŋkasiŋpi.</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> ó-ka-siŋ, v. to look into. See aokasiŋ, kas’iŋ, and okakiŋ.</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> ka-s’íŋ, adv. appearing, in sight. See aokasiŋ and okasiŋ.</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">The term is pretty clearly based on the verb ókas(‘)iŋ, ‘to look into’. In its vertitive form óglasiŋ, it should mean ‘to look into at oneself’, which makes
very good sense for the meaning of ‘mirror’. The Yankton and one of the Santee forms suggest that the word originally began with the term m(i)ni, ‘water’, rather than the undefined element /mi/. The other Santee form shows that ‘oil’, ihdi, could be substituted
for ‘water’ to get the same sense (though in this case, they are apparently using a different instrumental prefix—not sure why). Most likely, native people were perfectly familiar with the concept of looking into a pool of clear, still liquid to see their
own faces long before European mirrors ever appeared.</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">These dictionaries were developed in the 19<sup>th</sup> century, and the suite of terms taken together shows the approximate etymology without having to
assume a recent reanalysis. Only the Teton/Lakhota form shows any notable similarity to “mirrorglass”, and then only because that dialect happens to use the cluster /gl/ where other dialects use /hd/ or /kd/.</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">This almost certainly is not a simple loanword from French or English. French seems to have both “miroir” and “glace” as words for ‘mirror’, where English
has “mirror” and “looking-glass”. But was a term like “mirrorglass” actually in circulation in either language in the 18<sup>th</sup> or 19<sup>th</sup> centuries? I don’t find it in my English dictionary, or in the French dictionary either. If we can document
that this compound was commonly used a couple of centuries ago, then perhaps the Lakhota form was influenced by it to the extent of changing initial mni- mi-. Otherwise, I think the “coincidence” here may actually illustrate the process of creating a chiming
calque, in this case, from Lakhota into English.</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Cheers,</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
<div class="yiv6232851273MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;">Rory</span><span style="color:black;"></span></div>
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