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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>I'll show a few more examples from Hamilton that may help. The example I gave (wa-ka a-ta-ka-ræ) was from Hamilton's <i>An Ioway Grammar</i>, page 29. The following examples are from Hamilton's <i>An Elementary Book of the Ioway Language</i>. Perhaps these examples can help us find a common theme between them. I'll show imperatives with and without the extra "ka" syllable. FYI I'll also be using Hamilton's orthography.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>æ-<u>ka</u>-ræ - say it, speak (page 21)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>I've seen that as simply "a re" where the verb "e" for "say" changes to "a" for the imperative.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>na-yæ-ræ - stand up (no "ka" here) (page 22)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>ya-wæ-ræ - sing thou (no "ka" here) (page 23)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>u-yu-ræ - fill it (no "ka" here) (page 24)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>u-we-ra - do it (no "ka" here and is in plural form with the suffix -wi...might also be a typo since they went with "ra" rather than "ræ" unless he went for a possible female form but I'm doubting that since everything else seems to be exclusively in the male form) (page 24)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>hu-we-ræ - come here (no "ka" here and another plural form (page 24)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>ru-fæ-ræ - take it (no "ka" here) (page 24)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>ma-yæ-ræ - walk thou (no "ka" here (page 25)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>a-ta-ræ - see thou (no "ka" here and it is the same thing as my original example but without the "ka") (page 25)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>jwæ-me-<u>ka</u>-ræ - doctor me (page 29)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>e-cæ-<u>ka</u>-ræ - speak thou, tell (page 30)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>wo-ug-<u>ka</u>-ræ - work thou (page 30)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>ru-meg-<u>ka</u>-ræ - buy it (page 30)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>me-na-we-ræ - sit ye down (no "ka" here and is in plural form) (page 30)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>ke-kræ-we-ho - be ye gone (no "ka" here and is in plural form...also in the more polite imperative using "ho" instead of "re") (page 30)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>u-jkun-yæ-ræ - do not do it (no "ka" here) (page 31)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>wo-ku-we-ræ - give them (no "ka" here and is in plural form) (page 31)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Ok, this should do for now. Typing out this list has given me a few tentative ideas that I need to flesh out but I'll be grateful for any input :).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Sky<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Siouan Linguistics [mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Jimm Goodtracks<br><b>Sent:</b> Friday, February 21, 2014 9:33 PM<br><b>To:</b> SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: Aho!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue'>That is an interesting find, and all your explanations are plausible, especially the 2nd one. I do not recall coming across this before, and I can not find any thing like it in the IOM Dictionary. The imperative works just as you say, and I know of no deviation. The collected texts from Dorsey, and those from Julia Small, a monolingual speaker, did not have examples as you have found.</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue'>The mystery needs be reviewed by a higher power, namely the Siouan List, to whom I am going to cc this reply for their input by the professional experts and those who may have some explanation for this occurrence, or able to leave as a Hamilton phenomena. </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> <a href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org" title="sky@omtribe.org">Campbell, Sky</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>Sent:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> Friday, February 21, 2014 10:44 AM<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>To:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> <a href="mailto:jgoodtracks@gmail.com" title="jgoodtracks@gmail.com">Jimm G. GoodTracks</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>Subject:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> Aho!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Hope all is well up your way </span><span style='font-family:Wingdings;color:black'>J</span><span style='color:black'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Quick question about something I’ve noticed in Hamilton and Irvin’s books. After some of the commands/imperatives, there is an extra syllable after the verb. For example, they have:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>wa-ka a-ta-ka-ræ – see the snake<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>I have no idea what the “ka” is doing after (what would be for us) “ada”. But with Hamilton, he doesn’t differentiate between “k” and “g” so it may actually be a “g” for us. He uses this quite a bit for commands but I’m not understanding why and so far I haven’t found any clues. From what I can tell, it isn’t a form of plural since he uses –wi and he uses the singular 2<sup>nd</sup> person when the “ka” is used. And he doesn’t always use it for the singular imperative form which is what adds to my confusion.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>I have 3 possibilities that spring to mind.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>First, the “ka” might be a contracted form of “gasun” which perhaps might be indicating that whatever the speaker wants done, they want it done now. Not sure about this one since you usually see “gasun” at the beginning of a statement.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Second is that the ending imperative “re” may actually be a contraction of an older form “kare/gare” and it has just stopped being used. That one is just a random guess LOL.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Finally, I am wondering if the “ka” is actually perhaps “ke/ge” to refer to “in like manner” (ithke) but since it is an imperative, the “e” changes to an “a”. If so, then the above sentence would perhaps say something like “Look at the snake (in like manner).” And if so, I wonder if the context of the conversation would indicate just exactly what the “like manner” means.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>What do you think?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'>Sky Campbell, B. A.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Language Director<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Otoe-Missouria Tribe<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>580-723-4466 ext. 111<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><a href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org">sky@omtribe.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><br> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></body></html>