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<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4 face="Times New Roman">Hánwe Pi:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4 face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4 face="Times New Roman">Jill says: </FONT></DIV>
<DIV>I can't help but think that it's somehow ga- the locational prefix for
something you can see, but not directly next to 1st and 2nd person (gaida 'over
there (but not yonder)', gaigu, etc. - which could ultimately be
related to gasuN also. It might clarify actual location, or be used
metaphorically for 'now/soon' even by itself.</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4 face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4 face="Times New Roman">Now applying that to the
sentences,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4 face="Times New Roman"><SPAN
style="COLOR: "><FONT color=#1f497d
size=3><STRONG></STRONG></FONT></SPAN></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4 face="Times New Roman"><SPAN
style="COLOR: "><FONT color=#1f497d size=3><STRONG>æ-<U>ka</U>-ræ - say it,
speak <FONT color=#ff0000>= á re/ é ga re (Say it
now!)</FONT></STRONG></FONT></SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"
color=#1f497d></FONT></SPAN></B> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"
color=#1f497d><STRONG>jwæ-me-<U>ka</U>-ræ - doctor me </STRONG><FONT
face="Times New Roman"><STRONG> </STRONG><FONT
style="COLOR: #ff0000"><STRONG>= swéhi re/ </STRONG><STRONG>swémi
</STRONG><STRONG>ga re (Doctor me
now!)</STRONG></FONT></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: "></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"
color=#1f497d><STRONG>e-cæ-<U>ka</U>-ræ - speak thou,
tell</STRONG><STRONG> <FONT color=#ff0000>= i^cha re/ i^che ga
re (Speak now!) ~~ </FONT><FONT color=#333333>[Jill, in the
imperative, is it not ~ it^a re
?????]</FONT></STRONG></FONT><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: "></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"
color=#1f497d><STRONG>wo-ug-<U>ka</U>-ræ - work thou
</STRONG><STRONG> <FONT color=#ff0000>= wa^ún ne/ wa^ún ga
re (Work it now!)</FONT></STRONG></FONT><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: "></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"
color=#1f497d><STRONG>ru-meg-<U>ka</U>-ræ - buy it </STRONG><STRONG>
<FONT color=#ff0000>= rúmi re/ rúmi ga re (Buy it
now!)</FONT></STRONG></FONT><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4 face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4 face="Times New Roman">It does seem to apply in
application above. Now, if that being so, why o’ why does it not
show up in any other texts, except Hamilton? I suppose it could have been
a spoken form of the period (pre- 1850’s) that was used and then dropped by
latter generations.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4 face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4 face="Times New Roman">It is noted in the
dictionary, these applications that may produce a “ga”:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#0000ff size=4 face="Times New Roman"></FONT> </DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: -0.1in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.1in; mso-mirror-indents: yes"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT
color=#0033cc><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ga</FONT></FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">-</FONT><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</FONT></B><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">prf.</FONT><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">just; exactly.</FONT><SPAN style="COLOR: "><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">**<I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">SEE</I>: </FONT></SPAN><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">gašú<SUP>n</SUP>; gaída.</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN
style="COLOR: "><FONT color=#0033cc><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </FONT></SPAN><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ga^é</FONT></B></FONT></SPAN><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">v.i.</FONT><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">say as follows.</FONT><SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">
</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Hinkúñi <U>ga^é</U>: “Gá^e
koíth^i<SUP>n</SUP> hi<SUP>n</SUP>nahá^e,” é ki,<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>My grandmother <U>said as follows</U>:
“He is the one we were talking about.”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">
</FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="COLOR: "><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"
color=#0033cc>ga^é^a</FONT></SPAN></B><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">v.t.</FONT><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">say as follows to another.</FONT><SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">
</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">They said as follows to him…,<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Ga^igáñe… ke.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Hi<SUP>n</SUP>tágwa ga^ihé^a:
“Áa<SUP>n</SUP>negradà<SUP>n</SUP>we hñe ke,” ihé ke,<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I said as follows to my grandson: “You
will give me</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> (your own one) </FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">your attention,” I told him.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">
</FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="COLOR: "><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>ga^íge;
gáigé</FONT></SPAN></B><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">v.i.</FONT><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">say that</FONT><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> (<I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">in bad sence, slander,
reproof</I>)</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">.</FONT><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">
</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Áre iwáhuŋe škúñi ke
Wa<SUP>n</SUP>^síge <U>ga^ige</U>ñe ke,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Some people <U>say that</U> he does not know</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> (<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">anything, but in
truth, the real facts support the opposite is true</I>)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Héda
wá<SUP>n</SUP>sha xóñita<SUP>n</SUP> <U>gawٕíge</U>na waká<SUP>n</SUP>da píškúñi
warúdhe hñe ke,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>And that old man
preacher <U>rebuked them</U>, saying the devil was going to get them for their
sins.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </FONT></SPAN><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT
color=#0033cc><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">gá iráyi<SUP>n</SUP>;
ga^írayi</FONT><SUP><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">n</FONT></SUP></FONT></SPAN></B><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">v.t.</FONT><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">think that; make up one’s mind.</FONT><SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">
</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"><U>Gá</U>
<U>i</U>há<U>dayi<SUP>n</SUP></U> <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>nu^á <SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>kó^o ha^ú<SUP>n</SUP> škúñi ke,<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>although, I have <U>made up</U> <U>my
mind</U>, I have not yet done it</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> (<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">the
work</I>)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Sré hñe
<U>i</U>s<U>rayi<SUP>n</SUP></U> je,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Do you <U>think that</U> you will go?</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">**<I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">SEE</I>: </FONT><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">iráyi<SUP>n</SUP>; wáge.</FONT></B></SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">
</FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="COLOR: "><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>gá
iré</FONT></SPAN></B><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">v.t.</FONT><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">think that; think as follows.</FONT><SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">
</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Ta<SUP>n</SUP>héda<SUP>n</SUP>
gratógre hi<SUP>n</SUP>náwišge<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>pí
nu^áre <U>ga</U> <U>i</U>há<U>re</U> ke,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>If we were all going together, I <U>think that</U> it would be
good.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: "><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">**<I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">SEE</I>: </FONT></SPAN><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">iré;
gaída.</FONT></SPAN></B></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: -0.1in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.1in; mso-mirror-indents: yes"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN></SPAN></B></FONT> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: -0.1in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.1in; mso-mirror-indents: yes"
align=justify><FONT color=#0000ff size=4
face="Times New Roman"> Jimm </FONT></P>
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style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt tahoma">
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV style="BACKGROUND: #f5f5f5">
<DIV style="font-color: black"><B>From:</B> <A title=Greer-J@MSSU.EDU
href="mailto:Greer-J@MSSU.EDU">Greer, Jill</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, February 22, 2014 1:03 AM</DIV>
<DIV><B>To:</B> <A title=SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu
href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Subject:</B> Re: Aho!</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV></DIV>
<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>Hi,
Sky,
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Interesting! This is my gut response, without any new examples
unfortunately. I can't help but think that it's somehow ga- the
locational prefix for something you can see, but not directly next to 1st and
2nd person (gaida 'over there (but not yonder)', gaigu, etc. - which
could ultimately be related to gasuN also. It might clarify actual
location, or be used metaphorically for 'now/soon' even by itself.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Regarding your concern about it occurring after the verb, I can think of
the common phrase Are gasuN khi 'It's okay/that's all right' , which looks like
it could be in other parts of a sentence, too, besides the beginning?</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Your last idea seems possible also, about thge 'to be thus'
which could be a result ablauting before the command? I don't know if the
initial fricative was missed by Hamilton, or was deleted. (Sort of like
'Walk this way' :) …)</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Is there any precedent in other Siouan languages for an emphatic form
related to IOM kHe huN' ? I had the thought IF it were
abbreviated to kHe, and occurred next to the -re 'command form', it could
ablaut to kha , and make an emphatic command. (I have developed a personal
English variant of that myself with my youngest son, Do X RIGHT
NOW! (Sometimes followed by 'I'm not joking', just in case he's
still not listening…)</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>It's getting late, so forgive me if I'm stretching the limits of Siouan
ablaut rules. Thanks for the examples, Sky. I know I've read through
Hamilton but had forgotten that peculiarity. Help us out, friends.
Iren, is there such a thing in Hochunk, too?</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Jill</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>On Feb 21, 2014, at 11:24 PM, Sky Campbell <<A
href="mailto:sky@LEGENDREADERS.COM">sky@LEGENDREADERS.COM</A>></DIV>
<DIV>wrote:</DIV><BR class=Apple-interchange-newline>
<BLOCKQUOTE type="cite">
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<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">I'll show a few more examples
from Hamilton that may help. The example I gave (wa-ka a-ta-ka-ræ) was
from Hamilton's <I>An Ioway Grammar</I>, page 29. The following examples
are from Hamilton's <I>An Elementary Book of the Ioway Language</I>.
Perhaps these examples can help us find a common theme between them.
I'll show imperatives with and without the extra "ka" syllable. FYI I'll
also be using Hamilton's orthography.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">æ-<U>ka</U>-ræ - say it,
speak (page 21)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">I've seen that as simply "a
re" where the verb "e" for "say" changes to "a" for the
imperative.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">na-yæ-ræ - stand up (no "ka"
here) (page 22)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">ya-wæ-ræ - sing thou (no "ka"
here) (page 23)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">u-yu-ræ - fill it (no "ka"
here) (page 24)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">u-we-ra - do it (no "ka" here
and is in plural form with the suffix -wi...might also be a typo since they
went with "ra" rather than "ræ" unless he went for a possible female form but
I'm doubting that since everything else seems to be exclusively in the male
form) (page 24)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">hu-we-ræ - come here (no "ka"
here and another plural form (page 24)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">ru-fæ-ræ - take it (no "ka"
here) (page 24)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">ma-yæ-ræ - walk thou (no "ka"
here (page 25)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">a-ta-ræ - see thou (no "ka"
here and it is the same thing as my original example but without the "ka")
(page 25)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">jwæ-me-<U>ka</U>-ræ -
doctor me (page 29)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">e-cæ-<U>ka</U>-ræ - speak
thou, tell (page 30)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">wo-ug-<U>ka</U>-ræ - work
thou (page 30)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">ru-meg-<U>ka</U>-ræ - buy
it (page 30)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">me-na-we-ræ - sit ye down (no
"ka" here and is in plural form) (page 30)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">ke-kræ-we-ho - be ye gone (no
"ka" here and is in plural form...also in the more polite imperative using
"ho" instead of "re") (page 30)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">u-jkun-yæ-ræ - do not do it
(no "ka" here) (page 31)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">wo-ku-we-ræ - give them (no
"ka" here and is in plural form) (page 31)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Ok, this should do for
now. Typing out this list has given me a few tentative ideas that I need
to flesh out but I'll be grateful for any input :).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Sky<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"></SPAN> </P>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="BORDER-TOP: #b5c4df 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-TOP: 3pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in">
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Siouan
Linguistics [mailto:SIOUAN@<A
href="http://listserv.unl.edu">listserv.unl.edu</A>] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Jimm
Goodtracks<BR><B>Sent:</B> Friday, February 21, 2014 9:33 PM<BR><B>To:</B> <A
href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</A><BR><B>Subject:</B>
Re: Aho!<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p></o:p> </P>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman","serif"; COLOR: blue'>That
is an interesting find, and all your explanations are plausible, especially
the 2nd one. I do not recall coming across this before, and I can not
find any thing like it in the IOM Dictionary. The imperative works just
as you say, and I know of no deviation. The collected texts from Dorsey,
and those from Julia Small, a monolingual speaker, did not have examples as
you have found.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman","serif"; COLOR: blue'>The
mystery needs be reviewed by a higher power, namely the Siouan List, to whom I
am going to cc this reply for their input by the professional experts and
those who may have some explanation for this occurrence, or able to leave as a
Hamilton phenomena. </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke"><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, sans-serif">From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, sans-serif"> <A
title=sky@omtribe.org href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org">Campbell, Sky</A>
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke"><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, sans-serif">Sent:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, sans-serif"> Friday, February 21,
2014 10:44 AM<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke"><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, sans-serif">To:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, sans-serif"> <A
title=jgoodtracks@gmail.com href="mailto:jgoodtracks@gmail.com">Jimm G.
GoodTracks</A> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke"><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, sans-serif">Subject:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: tahoma, sans-serif">
Aho!<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN>Hope all is well up your way </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-FAMILY: wingdings">J</SPAN><SPAN>.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN>Quick question about something I’ve noticed in
Hamilton and Irvin’s books. After some of the commands/imperatives,
there is an extra syllable after the verb. For example, they
have:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN>wa-ka a-ta-ka-ræ – see the
snake<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN>I have no idea what the “ka” is doing after (what
would be for us) “ada”. But with Hamilton, he doesn’t differentiate
between “k” and “g” so it may actually be a “g” for us. He uses this
quite a bit for commands but I’m not understanding why and so far I haven’t
found any clues. From what I can tell, it isn’t a form of plural since
he uses –wi and he uses the singular 2<SUP>nd</SUP> person when the “ka” is
used. And he doesn’t always use it for the singular imperative form
which is what adds to my confusion.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN>I have 3 possibilities that spring to
mind.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN>First, the “ka” might be a contracted form of “gasun”
which perhaps might be indicating that whatever the speaker wants done, they
want it done now. Not sure about this one since you usually see “gasun”
at the beginning of a statement.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN>Second is that the ending imperative “re” may
actually be a contraction of an older form “kare/gare” and it has just stopped
being used. That one is just a random guess LOL.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN>Finally, I am wondering if the “ka” is actually
perhaps “ke/ge” to refer to “in like manner” (ithke) but since it is an
imperative, the “e” changes to an “a”. If so, then the above sentence
would perhaps say something like “Look at the snake (in like manner).”
And if so, I wonder if the context of the conversation would indicate just
exactly what the “like manner” means.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN>What do you think?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt">Sky Campbell, B.
A.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN>Language Director<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN>Otoe-Missouria Tribe<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN>580-723-4466 ext. 111<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN><A
href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org">sky@omtribe.org</A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><BR>
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV>
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