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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>I may have found a clue for “ka.” Dorsey has the term:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>e-wa-na-ha – the speaker; the one speaking<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Then he has the term:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>e wa-ka-na-ha – the one who is meant; the person addressed<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>I’m not sure how (or even if) this is related to the “ka” I am asking about but I’m trying to look at it in different ways to see if it fits somehow.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:#1F497D'>Sky Campbell, B. A.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Language Director<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Otoe-Missouria Tribe<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>580-723-4466 ext. 111<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>sky@omtribe.org<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Siouan Linguistics [mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Sky Campbell<br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, February 22, 2014 1:53 PM<br><b>To:</b> SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu<br><b>Subject:</b> [Possible SPAM] Re: Aho!<br><b>Importance:</b> Low<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>I found a strike against my "-ke/-ge" idea referring to "in like manner." In Hamilton's <i>An Elementary Book of the Ioway Language</i>, page 34-35, he has the following line:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>a-ræ-<u>fkæ</u>-mvn-yæ-we-ræ - do ye likewise (arethke manyiwi re)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>In that situation, he has the "ithke" before the verb and not after (which was my idea).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>After a quick scan of the rest of the book, I found examples of imperatives both with and without the "ka" in the hymns but I didn't immediately see anything that cleared up my confusion.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>And in keeping with the idea that perhaps this might be an older thing, I did a quick run through Merrill's <i>First Ioway Reading Book</i> and in his prayer (Lesson 12, page 13), he has the line:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Nl-ce pe of-kon-<u>kl</u>-ra (Nąnje pi uk'ų<u>ka</u> re) - Give me a good heart.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>(I wonder with the possible nasal "f" that Merrill put in there if it is supposed to be a contraction of "uhįnk'ų" to become "ųnk'ų" to say "give me".)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>So here we have another use of "ka" from a source other than Hamilton. I haven't gone through his hymns yet though. But no clues so far as I can tell. However I am noticing "me" being in a few of these but it may just be a coincidence.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>And on the off chance that this "ka" might be something that means plural (maybe an alternate way to end commands to command more than one person besides using -wi), I remembered a very odd term from Maximilian's word list where he had:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>guj-n</span><!--[if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><i><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math","serif";color:#1F497D'><m:r>å</m:r></span></i></m:oMath><![endif]--><![if !msEquation]><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";position:relative;top:2.5pt;mso-text-raise:-2.5pt'><img width=7 height=17 id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image003.png@01CF3158.F2806EA0"></span><![endif]><span style='color:#1F497D'> - we alone<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>To date, I have never seen the prefix "gu-" to mean "we" anywhere else. And it may not be connected in any way to the "ka/ga" we are talking about but I thought I'd put it out there.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Sky<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Siouan Linguistics [<a href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Sky Campbell<br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, February 22, 2014 12:26 PM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: Aho!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Going along with the "now" idea, I'm going to keep an eye out for the full form of "gasun" in these instances along with anything that will give some clues for this. I've been working a lot with Hamilton's material lately so I'll be sure to go over it thoroughly.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>As far as "ich'a re/it'a re", I wonder if these forms have something to do with the d/t changing to ch/j (IE te/che for buffalo and inde/inje for face) with some terms.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Sky<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Siouan Linguistics [<a href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Jimm Goodtracks<br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, February 22, 2014 8:52 AM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: Aho!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;color:blue'>Hánwe Pi:</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;color:blue'>Jill says: </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>I can't help but think that it's somehow ga- the locational prefix for something you can see, but not directly next to 1st and 2nd person (gaida 'over there (but not yonder)', gaigu, etc. - which could ultimately be related to gasuN also. It might clarify actual location, or be used metaphorically for 'now/soon' even by itself.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;color:blue'>Now applying that to the sentences,</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>æ-<u>ka</u>-ræ - say it, speak </span></strong><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:red'>= á re/ é ga re (Say it now!)</span></strong><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'> </span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>jwæ-me-<u>ka</u>-ræ - doctor me </span></strong><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:red'>= swéhi re/ swémi ga re (Doctor me now!)</span></strong><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>e-cæ-<u>ka</u>-ræ - speak thou, tell </span></strong><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:red'>= i^cha re/ i^che ga re (Speak now!) ~~ </span></strong><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#333333'>[Jill, in the imperative, is it not ~ it^a re ?????]</span></strong><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>wo-ug-<u>ka</u>-ræ - work thou </span></strong><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:red'>= wa^ún ne/ wa^ún ga re (Work it now!)</span></strong><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>ru-meg-<u>ka</u>-ræ - buy it </span></strong><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:red'>= rúmi re/ rúmi ga re (Buy it now!)</span></strong><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;color:blue'>It does seem to apply in application above. Now, if that being so, why o’ why does it not show up in any other texts, except Hamilton? I suppose it could have been a spoken form of the period (pre- 1850’s) that was used and then dropped by latter generations.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;color:blue'>It is noted in the dictionary, these applications that may produce a “ga”:</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:-.1in'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#0033CC'>ga</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>-<b>...</b></span><i><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:black'> prf. </span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>just; exactly.</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:black'> **<i>SEE</i>: <b>gašú<sup>n</sup>; gaída.</b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#0033CC'> <b>ga^é</b></span><i><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:black'> v.i. </span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>say as follows.</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:black'> Hinkúñi <u>ga^é</u>: “Gá^e koíth^i<sup>n</sup> hi<sup>n</sup>nahá^e,” é ki, My grandmother <u>said as follows</u>: “He is the one we were talking about.”</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'> </span><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#0033CC'>ga^é^a</span></b><i><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:black'> v.t. </span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>say as follows to another.</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:black'> They said as follows to him…, Ga^igáñe… ke. Hi<sup>n</sup>tágwa ga^ihé^a: “Áa<sup>n</sup>negradà<sup>n</sup>we hñe ke,” ihé ke, I said as follows to my grandson: “You will give me</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:black'> (your own one) </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:black'>your attention,” I told him.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'> </span><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#0033CC'>ga^íge; gáigé</span></b><i><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:black'> v.i. </span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>say that</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:black'> (<i>in bad sence, slander, reproof</i>)</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>. </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:black'>Áre iwáhuŋe škúñi ke Wa<sup>n</sup>^síge <u>ga^ige</u>ñe ke, Some people <u>say that</u> he does not know</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:black'> (<i>anything, but in truth, the real facts support the opposite is true</i>)</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:black'>. Héda wá<sup>n</sup>sha xóñita<sup>n</sup> <u>gaw</u></span><u><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>ٕ</span></u><u><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:black'>íge</span></u><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:black'>na waká<sup>n</sup>da píškúñi warúdhe hñe ke, And that old man preacher <u>rebuked them</u>, saying the devil was going to get them for their sins.</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'> </span><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#0033CC'>gá iráyi<sup>n</sup>; ga^írayi<sup>n</sup></span></b><i><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:black'> v.t. </span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>think that; make up one’s mind.</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:black'> <u>Gá</u> <u>i</u>há<u>dayi<sup>n</sup></u> nu^á kó^o ha^ú<sup>n</sup> škúñi ke, although, I have <u>made up</u> <u>my mind</u>, I have not yet done it</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:black'> (<i>the work</i>)</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:black'>. Sré hñe <u>i</u>s<u>rayi<sup>n</sup></u> je, Do you <u>think that</u> you will go?</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:black'> **<i>SEE</i>: <b>iráyi<sup>n</sup>; wáge.</b></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'> </span><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#0033CC'>gá iré</span></b><i><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:black'> v.t. </span></i><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>think that; think as follows.</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;color:black'> Ta<sup>n</sup>héda<sup>n</sup> gratógre hi<sup>n</sup>náwišge pí nu^áre <u>ga</u> <u>i</u>há<u>re</u> ke, If we were all going together, I <u>think that</u> it would be good.</span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;color:black'> **<i>SEE</i>: <b>iré; gaída.</b></span><span style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:-.1in'><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:-.1in'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;color:blue'> Jimm </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> <a href="mailto:Greer-J@MSSU.EDU" title="Greer-J@MSSU.EDU">Greer, Jill</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>Sent:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> Saturday, February 22, 2014 1:03 AM<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>To:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> <a href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu" title="SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>Subject:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> Re: Aho!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Hi, Sky, <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Interesting! This is my gut response, without any new examples unfortunately. I can't help but think that it's somehow ga- the locational prefix for something you can see, but not directly next to 1st and 2nd person (gaida 'over there (but not yonder)', gaigu, etc. - which could ultimately be related to gasuN also. It might clarify actual location, or be used metaphorically for 'now/soon' even by itself.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Regarding your concern about it occurring after the verb, I can think of the common phrase Are gasuN khi 'It's okay/that's all right' , which looks like it could be in other parts of a sentence, too, besides the beginning?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Your last idea seems possible also, about thge 'to be thus' which could be a result ablauting before the command? I don't know if the initial fricative was missed by Hamilton, or was deleted. (Sort of like 'Walk this way' :) …)<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Is there any precedent in other Siouan languages for an emphatic form related to IOM kHe huN' ? I had the thought IF it were abbreviated to kHe, and occurred next to the -re 'command form', it could ablaut to kha , and make an emphatic command. (I have developed a personal English variant of that myself with my youngest son, Do X RIGHT NOW! (Sometimes followed by 'I'm not joking', just in case he's still not listening…)<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>It's getting late, so forgive me if I'm stretching the limits of Siouan ablaut rules. Thanks for the examples, Sky. I know I've read through Hamilton but had forgotten that peculiarity. Help us out, friends. Iren, is there such a thing in Hochunk, too?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Jill<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>On Feb 21, 2014, at 11:24 PM, Sky Campbell <<a href="mailto:sky@LEGENDREADERS.COM">sky@LEGENDREADERS.COM</a>><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>I'll show a few more examples from Hamilton that may help. The example I gave (wa-ka a-ta-ka-ræ) was from Hamilton's <i>An Ioway Grammar</i>, page 29. The following examples are from Hamilton's <i>An Elementary Book of the Ioway Language</i>. Perhaps these examples can help us find a common theme between them. I'll show imperatives with and without the extra "ka" syllable. FYI I'll also be using Hamilton's orthography.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>æ-<u>ka</u>-ræ - say it, speak (page 21)</span></b><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>I've seen that as simply "a re" where the verb "e" for "say" changes to "a" for the imperative.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>na-yæ-ræ - stand up (no "ka" here) (page 22)</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>ya-wæ-ræ - sing thou (no "ka" here) (page 23)</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>u-yu-ræ - fill it (no "ka" here) (page 24)</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>u-we-ra - do it (no "ka" here and is in plural form with the suffix -wi...might also be a typo since they went with "ra" rather than "ræ" unless he went for a possible female form but I'm doubting that since everything else seems to be exclusively in the male form) (page 24)</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>hu-we-ræ - come here (no "ka" here and another plural form (page 24)</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>ru-fæ-ræ - take it (no "ka" here) (page 24)</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>ma-yæ-ræ - walk thou (no "ka" here (page 25)</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>a-ta-ræ - see thou (no "ka" here and it is the same thing as my original example but without the "ka") (page 25)</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>jwæ-me-<u>ka</u>-ræ - doctor me (page 29)</span></b><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>e-cæ-<u>ka</u>-ræ - speak thou, tell (page 30)</span></b><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>wo-ug-<u>ka</u>-ræ - work thou (page 30)</span></b><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='color:#1F497D'>ru-meg-<u>ka</u>-ræ - buy it (page 30)</span></b><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>me-na-we-ræ - sit ye down (no "ka" here and is in plural form) (page 30)</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>ke-kræ-we-ho - be ye gone (no "ka" here and is in plural form...also in the more polite imperative using "ho" instead of "re") (page 30)</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>u-jkun-yæ-ræ - do not do it (no "ka" here) (page 31)</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>wo-ku-we-ræ - give them (no "ka" here and is in plural form) (page 31)</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Ok, this should do for now. Typing out this list has given me a few tentative ideas that I need to flesh out but I'll be grateful for any input :).</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Sky</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> Siouan Linguistics [mailto:SIOUAN@<a href="http://listserv.unl.edu">listserv.unl.edu</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Jimm Goodtracks<br><b>Sent:</b> Friday, February 21, 2014 9:33 PM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: Aho!</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue'>That is an interesting find, and all your explanations are plausible, especially the 2nd one. I do not recall coming across this before, and I can not find any thing like it in the IOM Dictionary. The imperative works just as you say, and I know of no deviation. The collected texts from Dorsey, and those from Julia Small, a monolingual speaker, did not have examples as you have found.</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue'>The mystery needs be reviewed by a higher power, namely the Siouan List, to whom I am going to cc this reply for their input by the professional experts and those who may have some explanation for this occurrence, or able to leave as a Hamilton phenomena. </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> <a href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org" title="sky@omtribe.org">Campbell, Sky</a> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>Sent:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> Friday, February 21, 2014 10:44 AM</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>To:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> <a href="mailto:jgoodtracks@gmail.com" title="jgoodtracks@gmail.com">Jimm G. GoodTracks</a> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:whitesmoke'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'>Subject:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'> Aho!</span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Hope all is well up your way </span><span style='font-family:Wingdings;color:black'>J</span><span style='color:black'>.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Quick question about something I’ve noticed in Hamilton and Irvin’s books. After some of the commands/imperatives, there is an extra syllable after the verb. For example, they have:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>wa-ka a-ta-ka-ræ – see the snake<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>I have no idea what the “ka” is doing after (what would be for us) “ada”. But with Hamilton, he doesn’t differentiate between “k” and “g” so it may actually be a “g” for us. He uses this quite a bit for commands but I’m not understanding why and so far I haven’t found any clues. From what I can tell, it isn’t a form of plural since he uses –wi and he uses the singular 2<sup>nd</sup> person when the “ka” is used. And he doesn’t always use it for the singular imperative form which is what adds to my confusion.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>I have 3 possibilities that spring to mind.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>First, the “ka” might be a contracted form of “gasun” which perhaps might be indicating that whatever the speaker wants done, they want it done now. Not sure about this one since you usually see “gasun” at the beginning of a statement.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Second is that the ending imperative “re” may actually be a contraction of an older form “kare/gare” and it has just stopped being used. That one is just a random guess LOL.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Finally, I am wondering if the “ka” is actually perhaps “ke/ge” to refer to “in like manner” (ithke) but since it is an imperative, the “e” changes to an “a”. If so, then the above sentence would perhaps say something like “Look at the snake (in like manner).” And if so, I wonder if the context of the conversation would indicate just exactly what the “like manner” means.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>What do you think?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;color:black'>Sky Campbell, B. A.</span></b><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Language Director<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>Otoe-Missouria Tribe<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'>580-723-4466 ext. 111<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><a href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org">sky@omtribe.org</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><br> </span><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><br><br></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'>This email may contain identifiable personal information that is subject to protection under state and federal law. 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