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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">HaNwe Pi, Jimm,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">Good question, Jimm. I used to think of those as just alternative words for speaking, like to say versus to speak, to talk, etc., so you could choose either one according to context, but perhaps that’s not
the case. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">If Dorsey has any cases that support Hamilton’s examples, that would really help!
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">Jill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Siouan Linguistics [mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Jimm Goodtracks<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Saturday, February 22, 2014 8:52 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: Aho!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:blue">Hánwe Pi:</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:blue">Jill says: </span>
<span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">I can't help but think that it's somehow ga- the locational prefix for something you can see, but not directly next to 1st and 2nd person (gaida 'over there (but not yonder)', gaigu, etc. - which could ultimately
be related to gasuN also. It might clarify actual location, or be used metaphorically for 'now/soon' even by itself.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:blue">Now applying that to the sentences,</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">æ-<u>ka</u>-ræ - say it, speak
</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:red">= á re/ é ga re (Say it now!)</span></strong><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">jwæ-me-<u>ka</u>-ræ - doctor me
</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:red">= swéhi re/ swémi ga re (Doctor me now!)</span></strong><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">e-cæ-<u>ka</u>-ræ - speak thou, tell
</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:red">= i^cha re/ i^che ga re (Speak now!) ~~
</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#333333">[Jill, in the imperative, is it not ~ it^a re ?????]</span></strong><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">wo-ug-<u>ka</u>-ræ - work thou
</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:red">= wa^ún ne/ wa^ún ga re (Work it now!)</span></strong><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">ru-meg-<u>ka</u>-ræ - buy it
</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:red">= rúmi re/ rúmi ga re (Buy it now!)</span></strong><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:blue">It does seem to apply in application above. Now, if that being so, why o’ why does it not show up in any other texts, except Hamilton? I suppose it could have been a spoken form of the period
(pre- 1850’s) that was used and then dropped by latter generations.</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:blue">It is noted in the dictionary, these applications that may produce a “ga”:</span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#0033CC">ga</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">-<b>...</b></span><i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:black"> prf.
</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">just; exactly.</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:black"> **<i>SEE</i>:
<b>gašú<sup>n</sup>; gaída.</b></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#0033CC">
<b>ga^é</b></span><i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:black"> v.i. </span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">say as follows.</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black"> Hinkúñi
<u>ga^é</u>: “Gá^e koíth^i<sup>n</sup> hi<sup>n</sup>nahá^e,” é ki, My grandmother
<u>said as follows</u>: “He is the one we were talking about.”</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">
</span><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#0033CC">ga^é^a</span></b><i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:black"> v.t.
</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">say as follows to another.</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black"> They said as follows to him…, Ga^igáñe… ke. Hi<sup>n</sup>tágwa ga^ihé^a: “Áa<sup>n</sup>negradà<sup>n</sup>we hñe ke,” ihé
ke, I said as follows to my grandson: “You will give me</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:black"> (your own one)
</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">your attention,” I told him.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">
</span><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#0033CC">ga^íge; gáigé</span></b><i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:black"> v.i.
</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">say that</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:black"> (<i>in bad sence, slander, reproof</i>)</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">.
</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Áre iwáhuŋe škúñi ke Wa<sup>n</sup>^síge
<u>ga^ige</u>ñe ke, Some people <u>say that</u> he does not know</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:black"> (<i>anything, but in truth, the real facts support the opposite is true</i>)</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">. Héda wá<sup>n</sup>sha
xóñita<sup>n</sup> <u>gaw</u></span><u><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">ٕ</span></u><u><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">íge</span></u><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">na waká<sup>n</sup>da píškúñi
warúdhe hñe ke, And that old man preacher <u>rebuked them</u>, saying the devil was going to get them for their sins.</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">
</span><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#0033CC">gá iráyi<sup>n</sup>; ga^írayi<sup>n</sup></span></b><i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:black"> v.t.
</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">think that; make up one’s mind.</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">
<u>Gá</u> <u>i</u>há<u>dayi<sup>n</sup></u> nu^á kó^o ha^ú<sup>n</sup> škúñi ke, although, I have
<u>made up</u> <u>my mind</u>, I have not yet done it</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:black"> (<i>the work</i>)</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">. Sré hñe
<u>i</u>s<u>rayi<sup>n</sup></u> je, Do you <u>think that</u> you will go?</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:black"> **<i>SEE</i>:
<b>iráyi<sup>n</sup>; wáge.</b></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">
</span><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#0033CC">gá iré</span></b><i><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:black"> v.t.
</span></i><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">think that; think as follows.</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black"> Ta<sup>n</sup>héda<sup>n</sup> gratógre hi<sup>n</sup>náwišge pí nu^áre
<u>ga</u> <u>i</u>há<u>re</u> ke, If we were all going together, I <u>think that</u> it would be good.</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:black"> **<i>SEE</i>:
<b>iré; gaída.</b></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:-.1in">
<span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-indent:-.1in">
<span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:blue"> Jimm </span><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">
<a href="mailto:Greer-J@MSSU.EDU" title="Greer-J@MSSU.EDU">Greer, Jill</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">Sent:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"> Saturday, February 22, 2014 1:03
AM<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">To:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">
<a href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu" title="SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">Subject:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"> Re: Aho!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Hi, Sky, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Interesting! This is my gut response, without any new examples unfortunately. I can't help but think that it's somehow ga- the locational prefix for something you can see, but not directly next to 1st and 2nd
person (gaida 'over there (but not yonder)', gaigu, etc. - which could ultimately be related to gasuN also. It might clarify actual location, or be used metaphorically for 'now/soon' even by itself.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Regarding your concern about it occurring after the verb, I can think of the common phrase Are gasuN khi 'It's okay/that's all right' , which looks like it could be in other parts of a sentence, too, besides the
beginning?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Your last idea seems possible also, about thge 'to be thus' which could be a result ablauting before the command? I don't know if the initial fricative was missed by Hamilton, or was deleted. (Sort of like 'Walk
this way' :) …)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Is there any precedent in other Siouan languages for an emphatic form related to IOM kHe huN' ? I had the thought IF it were abbreviated to kHe, and occurred next to the -re 'command form', it could ablaut
to kha , and make an emphatic command. (I have developed a personal English variant of that myself with my youngest son, Do X RIGHT NOW! (Sometimes followed by 'I'm not joking', just in case he's still not listening…)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">It's getting late, so forgive me if I'm stretching the limits of Siouan ablaut rules. Thanks for the examples, Sky. I know I've read through Hamilton but had forgotten that peculiarity. Help us out, friends.
Iren, is there such a thing in Hochunk, too?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Jill<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">On Feb 21, 2014, at 11:24 PM, Sky Campbell <<a href="mailto:sky@LEGENDREADERS.COM">sky@LEGENDREADERS.COM</a>><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">I'll show a few more examples from Hamilton that may help. The example I gave (wa-ka a-ta-ka-ræ) was from Hamilton's
<i>An Ioway Grammar</i>, page 29. The following examples are from Hamilton's <i>
An Elementary Book of the Ioway Language</i>. Perhaps these examples can help us find a common theme between them. I'll show imperatives with and without the extra "ka" syllable. FYI I'll also be using Hamilton's orthography.</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:#1F497D">æ-<u>ka</u>-ræ - say it, speak (page 21)</span></b><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">I've seen that as simply "a re" where the verb "e" for "say" changes to "a" for the imperative.</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">na-yæ-ræ - stand up (no "ka" here) (page 22)</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">ya-wæ-ræ - sing thou (no "ka" here) (page 23)</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">u-yu-ræ - fill it (no "ka" here) (page 24)</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">u-we-ra - do it (no "ka" here and is in plural form with the suffix -wi...might also be a typo since they went with "ra" rather than "ræ" unless he went for a possible female form but I'm doubting that since
everything else seems to be exclusively in the male form) (page 24)</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">hu-we-ræ - come here (no "ka" here and another plural form (page 24)</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">ru-fæ-ræ - take it (no "ka" here) (page 24)</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">ma-yæ-ræ - walk thou (no "ka" here (page 25)</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">a-ta-ræ - see thou (no "ka" here and it is the same thing as my original example but without the "ka") (page 25)</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:#1F497D">jwæ-me-<u>ka</u>-ræ - doctor me (page 29)</span></b><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:#1F497D">e-cæ-<u>ka</u>-ræ - speak thou, tell (page 30)</span></b><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:#1F497D">wo-ug-<u>ka</u>-ræ - work thou (page 30)</span></b><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:#1F497D">ru-meg-<u>ka</u>-ræ - buy it (page 30)</span></b><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">me-na-we-ræ - sit ye down (no "ka" here and is in plural form) (page 30)</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">ke-kræ-we-ho - be ye gone (no "ka" here and is in plural form...also in the more polite imperative using "ho" instead of "re") (page 30)</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">u-jkun-yæ-ræ - do not do it (no "ka" here) (page 31)</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">wo-ku-we-ræ - give them (no "ka" here and is in plural form) (page 31)</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">Ok, this should do for now. Typing out this list has given me a few tentative ideas that I need to flesh out but I'll be grateful for any input :).</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">Sky</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"> Siouan Linguistics [mailto:SIOUAN@<a href="http://listserv.unl.edu">listserv.unl.edu</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Jimm Goodtracks<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, February 21, 2014 9:33 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: Aho!</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue">That is an interesting find, and all your explanations are plausible, especially the 2nd one. I do not recall coming across this before, and I can not find
any thing like it in the IOM Dictionary. The imperative works just as you say, and I know of no deviation. The collected texts from Dorsey, and those from Julia Small, a monolingual speaker, did not have examples as you have found.</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";color:blue">The mystery needs be reviewed by a higher power, namely the Siouan List, to whom I am going to cc this reply for their input by the professional experts and
those who may have some explanation for this occurrence, or able to leave as a Hamilton phenomena.
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">
<a href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org" title="sky@omtribe.org">Campbell, Sky</a> </span>
<ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">Sent:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"> Friday, February 21, 2014 10:44
AM</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">To:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">
<a href="mailto:jgoodtracks@gmail.com" title="jgoodtracks@gmail.com">Jimm G. GoodTracks</a>
</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:whitesmoke"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black">Subject:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"> Aho!</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Hope all is well up your way </span>
<span style="font-family:Wingdings;color:black">J</span><span style="color:black">.</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Quick question about something I’ve noticed in Hamilton and Irvin’s books. After some of the commands/imperatives, there is an extra syllable after the verb. For example, they have:</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">wa-ka a-ta-ka-ræ – see the snake</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">I have no idea what the “ka” is doing after (what would be for us) “ada”. But with Hamilton, he doesn’t differentiate between “k” and “g” so it may actually be a “g” for us. He uses this quite a bit for commands
but I’m not understanding why and so far I haven’t found any clues. From what I can tell, it isn’t a form of plural since he uses –wi and he uses the singular 2<sup>nd</sup> person when the “ka” is used. And he doesn’t always use it for the singular imperative
form which is what adds to my confusion.</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">I have 3 possibilities that spring to mind.</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">First, the “ka” might be a contracted form of “gasun” which perhaps might be indicating that whatever the speaker wants done, they want it done now. Not sure about this one since you usually see “gasun” at the
beginning of a statement.</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Second is that the ending imperative “re” may actually be a contraction of an older form “kare/gare” and it has just stopped being used. That one is just a random guess LOL.</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Finally, I am wondering if the “ka” is actually perhaps “ke/ge” to refer to “in like manner” (ithke) but since it is an imperative, the “e” changes to an “a”. If so, then the above sentence would perhaps say something
like “Look at the snake (in like manner).” And if so, I wonder if the context of the conversation would indicate just exactly what the “like manner” means.</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">What do you think?</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;color:black">Sky Campbell, B. A.</span></b><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Language Director</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">Otoe-Missouria Tribe</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black">580-723-4466 ext. 111</span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"><a href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org">sky@omtribe.org</a></span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:black"> </span><ns0:p></ns0:p><span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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