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<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-LEFT: -0.1in; TEXT-INDENT: -0.1in; mso-mirror-indents: yes"
align=justify><FONT face="Times New Roman"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">**<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>say</FONT></SPAN></B><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN></B><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">(<I>accidentally ~
falsely</I>)</SPAN></FONT><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">v.i.</SPAN></FONT><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">é^e.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>say</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> <SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">(<I>in bad
sense, slander, reproof</I>)<I><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>v.t.</I></SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ga^íge; gáigé.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>say all that is ~ needs to be said; say it
all; tell all the news; leave no news to be told by
anyone</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> (<I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">all the news; nothing more to be said; have
the last word</I>)</FONT><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>adv/v.i.</FONT><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN></I></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ich^é rašéna; ich^é raníŋe</FONT><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">: (I..., ich^é hadásena; you..., ich^é sdásena; we...,
ich^é hi<SUP>n</SUP>dásenawi; they…,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>ich^é dasénañe)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.<I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN></I>They were dissatisfied and disputed with each other, so I told them
what the Old People said about it.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>And then, that was it, I </FONT><U><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">had said
everything</FONT></U></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> (<I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">that needed be
said</I>)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">,<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I<SUP>n</SUP>bra<SUP>n</SUP>
škúñiñena<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>ekígragu<SUP>n</SUP>heñe ke.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Héda Š^áge gá^naha wórageñe dáhge^i wógihe ke.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Aré gašú<SUP>n</SUP> ke; <U>ich^é</U>
ha<U>dášena</U> ke.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </FONT></SPAN><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>say as follows</FONT></SPAN></B><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">v.i.</SPAN></FONT><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ga^é.</FONT><SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">
</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">It</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> (<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">a newspaper
article</I>) </FONT></SPAN><U><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">said</FONT></SPAN></U><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">, ‘Two Indians quarreled on the reservation and one
Francis White Cloud was killed,’<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Áre <U>ga^é</U>:<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>“Wa<SUP>n</SUP>^šhínk^okeñi<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>núwe<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>kidágewi ke;<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Frances White Cloud<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>iyá<SUP>n</SUP>ki<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>ch^ehi ke.”</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> [<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Film: Ioway II;
PF</I>)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">
</FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="COLOR: "><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>say as follows to
another</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><I>v.t.</I></FONT><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ga^é^a.</FONT><SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">
</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">They said as follows to him,<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Ga^igáñe ke.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">
</FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="COLOR: "><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>say as follows to
them</FONT></SPAN></B><I><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN></I><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">(<I>in reproof</I>)<I><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>v.t.</I></SPAN></FONT><SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">gawíge.</FONT><SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">
</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Whenever he went back to Kansas or
Nebraska he <U>said to them as follows</U> to the leaders, the Chiefs, that it
was good,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Tatá<SUP>n</SUP>da<SUP>n</SUP><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Ká<SUP>n</SUP>sa Ñibráthge háhda gréna<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Nudá<SUP>n</SUP>ha<SUP>n</SUP>
<U>gawíge</U> -- Gašu<SUP>n</SUP> wéxa ke.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">[FILM: “Ioway” Part II;
JBSM]</FONT></I></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">
</FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="COLOR: "><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>say in reply to
someone</FONT></SPAN></B><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">v.i.</SPAN></FONT><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">jeáre e^a.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>say s.t. good</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> <I>or</I>
</FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT color=#0033cc><SPAN
style="COLOR: ; mso-bidi-font-style: italic"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">bad</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> about others</FONT></SPAN></FONT></B><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">v.t.</SPAN></FONT><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">wíge.</FONT><SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">
</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Tell me
straight</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> (<I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Muskrat told
him</I>)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">, Wókathoxšji
híí<SUP>n</SUP>ge</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">áñe
ke</FONT></I></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>say that</FONT></SPAN></B><I><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN></I><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">(<I>in scolding manner</I>)</SPAN></FONT><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">v.t.</SPAN> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </FONT></SPAN></I><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">šége</FONT><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT><SPAN style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">(DOR)</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Something was the matter, so I said that,<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Daguréšu<SUP>n</SUP>^na šéhage
ke.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </FONT></SPAN><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>say that; think that</FONT></SPAN></B><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">v.t.</SPAN></FONT><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">sé^e.</FONT><SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">
</FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">That’s what he said,<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Aré éihu</FONT><SUP><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">n</FONT></SUP></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">(<I>or</I>)</SPAN>
</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">Aré é ke.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: "><FONT color=#0033cc><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </FONT></SPAN><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">say, said
that</FONT></B></FONT></SPAN><I><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN></I><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">(<I>in reply</I>)</SPAN></FONT><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">v.t.</SPAN></FONT><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">še áre^e; sé aré
é^a.</FONT><SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">I
said that</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> <SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">(<I>or</I>)</SPAN> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">That’s what I said,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</SPAN>Še áre ihé ke.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>We said
that</FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> <SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">(<I>or</I>)</SPAN> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">That’s what we said,<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Šeáre hi<SUP>n</SUP>háwi
ke.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </FONT></SPAN><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>say this to another</FONT></SPAN></B><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">v.t.</SPAN></FONT><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">jé aré é^a.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT><B
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: "><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt" color=#0033cc>say to</FONT></SPAN></B><I
style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT></SPAN><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"><SPAN
style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic">v.t.</SPAN></FONT><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">
</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></I><FONT style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">é^a</FONT><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt"> </FONT><SPAN style="TEXT-TRANSFORM: uppercase"><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt">(dor)</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN><FONT
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt">.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>He
said it to him,<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>É^a ke.<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>I said that to him,<SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Šeáre ihé^a ke.</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>
<DIV style="FONT: 10pt tahoma">
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV style="BACKGROUND: #f5f5f5">
<DIV style="font-color: black"><B>From:</B> <A title=sky@LEGENDREADERS.COM
href="mailto:sky@LEGENDREADERS.COM">Sky Campbell</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, February 22, 2014 1:52 PM</DIV>
<DIV><B>To:</B> <A title=SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu
href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Subject:</B> Re: Aho!</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV></DIV>
<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>
<DIV class=WordSection1>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">I found a strike against my
"-ke/-ge" idea referring to "in like manner." In Hamilton's <I>An
Elementary Book of the Ioway Language</I>, page 34-35, he has the following
line:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">a-ræ-<U>fkæ</U>-mvn-yæ-we-ræ -
do ye likewise (arethke manyiwi re)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">In that situation, he has the
"ithke" before the verb and not after (which was my idea).<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">After a quick scan of the rest
of the book, I found examples of imperatives both with and without the "ka" in
the hymns but I didn't immediately see anything that cleared up my
confusion.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">And in keeping with the idea
that perhaps this might be an older thing, I did a quick run through Merrill's
<I>First Ioway Reading Book</I> and in his prayer (Lesson 12, page 13), he has
the line:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Nl-ce pe of-kon-<U>kl</U>-ra
(Nąnje pi uk'ų<U>ka</U> re) - Give me a good heart.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">(I wonder with the possible
nasal "f" that Merrill put in there if it is supposed to be a contraction of
"uhįnk'ų" to become "ųnk'ų" to say "give me".)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">So here we have another use of
"ka" from a source other than Hamilton. I haven't gone through his hymns
yet though. But no clues so far as I can tell. However I am noticing
"me" being in a few of these but it may just be a
coincidence.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">And on the off chance that this
"ka" might be something that means plural (maybe an alternate way to end
commands to command more than one person besides using -wi), I remembered a very
odd term from Maximilian's word list where he had:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">guj-n</SPAN><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"; POSITION: relative; TOP: 2.5pt; mso-text-raise: -2.5pt'><IMG
id=_x0000_i1025 src="cid:393FBC8325014A2AA3EAC8385DED16EC@AsusLaptop" width=7
height=17></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"> - we alone<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">To date, I have never seen the
prefix "gu-" to mean "we" anywhere else. And it may not be connected in
any way to the "ka/ga" we are talking about but I thought I'd put it out
there.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Sky</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="BORDER-TOP: #b5c4df 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-TOP: 3pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in">
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Siouan Linguistics
[mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Sky
Campbell<BR><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, February 22, 2014 12:26 PM<BR><B>To:</B>
SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re:
Aho!<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p></o:p> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Going along with the "now" idea,
I'm going to keep an eye out for the full form of "gasun" in these instances
along with anything that will give some clues for this. I've been working
a lot with Hamilton's material lately so I'll be sure to go over it
thoroughly.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">As far as "ich'a re/it'a re", I
wonder if these forms have something to do with the d/t changing to ch/j (IE
te/che for buffalo and inde/inje for face) with some
terms.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Sky<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="BORDER-TOP: #b5c4df 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-TOP: 3pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in">
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"'> Siouan Linguistics
[<A href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</A>]
<B>On Behalf Of </B>Jimm Goodtracks<BR><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, February 22, 2014
8:52 AM<BR><B>To:</B> <A
href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</A><BR><B>Subject:</B>
Re: Aho!<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p></o:p> </P>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue">Hánwe
Pi:</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue">Jill says:
</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">I can't help but think that it's
somehow ga- the locational prefix for something you can see, but not directly
next to 1st and 2nd person (gaida 'over there (but not yonder)', gaigu,
etc. - which could ultimately be related to gasuN also. It might
clarify actual location, or be used metaphorically for 'now/soon' even by
itself.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue">Now applying
that to the sentences,</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><STRONG><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"; COLOR: #1f497d'>æ-<U>ka</U>-ræ - say
it, speak </SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"; COLOR: red'>= á re/ é ga
re (Say it now!)</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"> </SPAN><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman","serif"; COLOR: black'><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><STRONG><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"; COLOR: #1f497d'>jwæ-me-<U>ka</U>-ræ
- doctor me </SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"; COLOR: red'>= swéhi re/ swémi
ga re (Doctor me now!)</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><STRONG><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"; COLOR: #1f497d'>e-cæ-<U>ka</U>-ræ -
speak thou, tell </SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"; COLOR: red'>= i^cha re/ i^che
ga re (Speak now!) ~~ </SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"; COLOR: #333333'>[Jill, in the
imperative, is it not ~ it^a re ?????]</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><STRONG><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"; COLOR: #1f497d'>wo-ug-<U>ka</U>-ræ -
work thou </SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"; COLOR: red'>= wa^ún ne/ wa^ún
ga re (Work it now!)</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><STRONG><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"; COLOR: #1f497d'>ru-meg-<U>ka</U>-ræ
- buy it </SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"; COLOR: red'>= rúmi re/ rúmi ga
re (Buy it now!)</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue">It does seem to
apply in application above. Now, if that being so, why o’ why does
it not show up in any other texts, except Hamilton? I suppose it could
have been a spoken form of the period (pre- 1850’s) that was used and then
dropped by latter generations.</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue">It is noted in
the dictionary, these applications that may produce a “ga”:</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.1in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #0033cc">ga</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">-<B>...</B></SPAN><I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black"> prf. </SPAN></I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">just; exactly.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black"> **<I>SEE</I>: <B>gašú<SUP>n</SUP>;
gaída.</B></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #0033cc">
<B>ga^é</B></SPAN><I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black">
v.i. </SPAN></I><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">say as
follows.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black"> Hinkúñi
<U>ga^é</U>: “Gá^e koíth^i<SUP>n</SUP> hi<SUP>n</SUP>nahá^e,” é ki, My
grandmother <U>said as follows</U>: “He is the one we were talking
about.”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">
</SPAN><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #0033cc">ga^é^a</SPAN></B><I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black"> v.t. </SPAN></I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">say as follows to another.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black"> They said as follows to
him…, Ga^igáñe… ke. Hi<SUP>n</SUP>tágwa ga^ihé^a:
“Áa<SUP>n</SUP>negradà<SUP>n</SUP>we hñe ke,” ihé ke, I said as follows to
my grandson: “You will give me</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black">
(your own one) </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black">your
attention,” I told him.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> </SPAN><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #0033cc">ga^íge; gáigé</SPAN></B><I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black"> v.i. </SPAN></I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">say that</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black"> (<I>in bad sence, slander,
reproof</I>)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">.
</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black">Áre iwáhuŋe škúñi ke
Wa<SUP>n</SUP>^síge <U>ga^ige</U>ñe ke, Some people <U>say that</U> he
does not know</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black"> (<I>anything,
but in truth, the real facts support the opposite is true</I>)</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black">. Héda wá<SUP>n</SUP>sha
xóñita<SUP>n</SUP> <U>gaw</U></SPAN><U><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>ٕ</SPAN></U><U><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black">íge</SPAN></U><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black">na waká<SUP>n</SUP>da píškúñi warúdhe hñe
ke, And that old man preacher <U>rebuked them</U>, saying the devil was
going to get them for their sins.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> </SPAN><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #0033cc">gá iráyi<SUP>n</SUP>;
ga^írayi<SUP>n</SUP></SPAN></B><I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black"> v.t. </SPAN></I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">think that; make up one’s
mind.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black"> <U>Gá</U>
<U>i</U>há<U>dayi<SUP>n</SUP></U> nu^á kó^o ha^ú<SUP>n</SUP> škúñi
ke, although, I have <U>made up</U> <U>my mind</U>, I have not yet done
it</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black"> (<I>the
work</I>)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black">. Sré hñe
<U>i</U>s<U>rayi<SUP>n</SUP></U> je, Do you <U>think that</U> you will
go?</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black"> **<I>SEE</I>:
<B>iráyi<SUP>n</SUP>; wáge.</B></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black"> </SPAN><B><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #0033cc">gá iré</SPAN></B><I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black"> v.t. </SPAN></I><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black">think that; think as follows.</SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black"> Ta<SUP>n</SUP>héda<SUP>n</SUP>
gratógre hi<SUP>n</SUP>náwišge pí nu^áre <U>ga</U> <U>i</U>há<U>re</U>
ke, If we were all going together, I <U>think that</U> it would be
good.</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; COLOR: black"> **<I>SEE</I>:
<B>iré; gaída.</B></SPAN><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman","serif"; COLOR: black'><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.1in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="TEXT-INDENT: -0.1in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue"> Jimm
</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke"><B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'> <A
title=Greer-J@MSSU.EDU href="mailto:Greer-J@MSSU.EDU">Greer, Jill</A>
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke"><B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>Sent:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>
Saturday, February 22, 2014 1:03 AM<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke"><B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>To:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'> <A
title=SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu
href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</A>
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke"><B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>Subject:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'> Re:
Aho!<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Hi, Sky, <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Interesting! This is my gut
response, without any new examples unfortunately. I can't help but
think that it's somehow ga- the locational prefix for something you can see, but
not directly next to 1st and 2nd person (gaida 'over there (but not
yonder)', gaigu, etc. - which could ultimately be related to gasuN
also. It might clarify actual location, or be used metaphorically for
'now/soon' even by itself.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Regarding your concern about it
occurring after the verb, I can think of the common phrase Are gasuN khi 'It's
okay/that's all right' , which looks like it could be in other parts of a
sentence, too, besides the beginning?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Your last idea seems possible
also, about thge 'to be thus' which could be a result ablauting
before the command? I don't know if the initial fricative was missed by
Hamilton, or was deleted. (Sort of like 'Walk this way' :)
…)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Is there any precedent in other
Siouan languages for an emphatic form related to IOM kHe huN'
? I had the thought IF it were abbreviated to kHe, and occurred next to
the -re 'command form', it could ablaut to kha , and make an emphatic
command. (I have developed a personal English variant of that myself with
my youngest son, Do X RIGHT NOW! (Sometimes followed by 'I'm
not joking', just in case he's still not
listening…)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">It's getting late, so forgive me
if I'm stretching the limits of Siouan ablaut rules. Thanks for the
examples, Sky. I know I've read through Hamilton but had forgotten that
peculiarity. Help us out, friends. Iren, is there such a thing
in Hochunk, too?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Jill<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">On Feb 21, 2014, at 11:24 PM, Sky
Campbell <<A
href="mailto:sky@LEGENDREADERS.COM">sky@LEGENDREADERS.COM</A>><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">wrote:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">I'll show a few more examples
from Hamilton that may help. The example I gave (wa-ka a-ta-ka-ræ) was
from Hamilton's <I>An Ioway Grammar</I>, page 29. The following examples
are from Hamilton's <I>An Elementary Book of the Ioway Language</I>.
Perhaps these examples can help us find a common theme between them. I'll
show imperatives with and without the extra "ka" syllable. FYI I'll also
be using Hamilton's orthography.</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">æ-<U>ka</U>-ræ - say it,
speak (page 21)</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">I've seen that as simply "a re"
where the verb "e" for "say" changes to "a" for the imperative.</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">na-yæ-ræ - stand up (no "ka"
here) (page 22)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">ya-wæ-ræ - sing thou (no "ka"
here) (page 23)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">u-yu-ræ - fill it (no "ka" here)
(page 24)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">u-we-ra - do it (no "ka" here
and is in plural form with the suffix -wi...might also be a typo since they went
with "ra" rather than "ræ" unless he went for a possible female form but I'm
doubting that since everything else seems to be exclusively in the male form)
(page 24)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">hu-we-ræ - come here (no "ka"
here and another plural form (page 24)</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">ru-fæ-ræ - take it (no "ka"
here) (page 24)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">ma-yæ-ræ - walk thou (no "ka"
here (page 25)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">a-ta-ræ - see thou (no "ka" here
and it is the same thing as my original example but without the "ka") (page
25)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">jwæ-me-<U>ka</U>-ræ - doctor
me (page 29)</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">e-cæ-<U>ka</U>-ræ - speak
thou, tell (page 30)</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">wo-ug-<U>ka</U>-ræ - work
thou (page 30)</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">ru-meg-<U>ka</U>-ræ - buy it
(page 30)</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">me-na-we-ræ - sit ye down (no
"ka" here and is in plural form) (page 30)</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">ke-kræ-we-ho - be ye gone (no
"ka" here and is in plural form...also in the more polite imperative using "ho"
instead of "re") (page 30)</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">u-jkun-yæ-ræ - do not do it (no
"ka" here) (page 31)</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">wo-ku-we-ræ - give them (no "ka"
here and is in plural form) (page 31)</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Ok, this should do for
now. Typing out this list has given me a few tentative ideas that I need
to flesh out but I'll be grateful for any input :).</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: #1f497d">Sky</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<DIV
style="BORDER-TOP: #b5c4df 1pt solid; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-TOP: 3pt; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in">
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>
Siouan Linguistics [mailto:SIOUAN@<A
href="http://listserv.unl.edu">listserv.unl.edu</A>] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Jimm
Goodtracks<BR><B>Sent:</B> Friday, February 21, 2014 9:33 PM<BR><B>To:</B> <A
href="mailto:SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu">SIOUAN@listserv.unl.edu</A><BR><B>Subject:</B>
Re: Aho!</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman","serif"; COLOR: blue'>That
is an interesting find, and all your explanations are plausible, especially the
2nd one. I do not recall coming across this before, and I can not find any
thing like it in the IOM Dictionary. The imperative works just as you say,
and I know of no deviation. The collected texts from Dorsey, and those
from Julia Small, a monolingual speaker, did not have examples as you have
found.</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"> </SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman","serif"; COLOR: blue'>The
mystery needs be reviewed by a higher power, namely the Siouan List, to whom I
am going to cc this reply for their input by the professional experts and those
who may have some explanation for this occurrence, or able to leave as a
Hamilton phenomena. </SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"> </SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'> </SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke"><B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'> <A
title=sky@omtribe.org href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org">Campbell, Sky</A>
</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke"><B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>Sent:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>
Friday, February 21, 2014 10:44 AM</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke"><B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>To:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'> <A
title=jgoodtracks@gmail.com href="mailto:jgoodtracks@gmail.com">Jimm G.
GoodTracks</A> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal style="BACKGROUND: whitesmoke"><B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>Subject:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; COLOR: black'>
Aho!</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"> </SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Hope all is well up your way
</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: wingdings; COLOR: black">J</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black">.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Quick question about something
I’ve noticed in Hamilton and Irvin’s books. After some of the
commands/imperatives, there is an extra syllable after the verb. For
example, they have:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">wa-ka a-ta-ka-ræ – see the
snake<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">I have no idea what the “ka” is
doing after (what would be for us) “ada”. But with Hamilton, he doesn’t
differentiate between “k” and “g” so it may actually be a “g” for us. He
uses this quite a bit for commands but I’m not understanding why and so far I
haven’t found any clues. From what I can tell, it isn’t a form of plural
since he uses –wi and he uses the singular 2<SUP>nd</SUP> person when the “ka”
is used. And he doesn’t always use it for the singular imperative form
which is what adds to my confusion.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">I have 3 possibilities that spring
to mind.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">First, the “ka” might be a
contracted form of “gasun” which perhaps might be indicating that whatever the
speaker wants done, they want it done now. Not sure about this one since
you usually see “gasun” at the beginning of a statement.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Second is that the ending
imperative “re” may actually be a contraction of an older form “kare/gare” and
it has just stopped being used. That one is just a random guess
LOL.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Finally, I am wondering if the
“ka” is actually perhaps “ke/ge” to refer to “in like manner” (ithke) but since
it is an imperative, the “e” changes to an “a”. If so, then the above
sentence would perhaps say something like “Look at the snake (in like
manner).” And if so, I wonder if the context of the conversation would
indicate just exactly what the “like manner” means.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">What do you
think?<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: black">Sky Campbell,
B. A.</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Language
Director<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">Otoe-Missouria
Tribe<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black">580-723-4466 ext.
111<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><A
href="mailto:sky@omtribe.org">sky@omtribe.org</A><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><BR>
</SPAN><SPAN
style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV></DIV>
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