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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Sky,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Here’s where I really wish we still had Bob around, as the study of loan words from neighbors in the east was one of his specialties. I’ll toss out what I
can here, and maybe someone else will have other ideas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Nine, grä̇bena – tscheh – uïningkä̇<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">(the whole run together); i. e.,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">ten less one; they also say,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">schangká<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I looked up ‘nine’ in Carolyn Quitero’s
<i>Osage Dictionary</i>, and the first (long) term is the only one she seems to have listed:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> lébrą hce wįįke<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Dhegiha *gr- generally goes to l- in Osage and Kaw, but apparently in Maximilian’s time the leading /g/ was still present. His ‘ä’ and his ‘eh’ apparently
both represent what we write as /e/, while the ‘e’ between the ‘b’ and the ‘n’ presumably represents schwa. The ‘n’ in the first word would be /r/ followed by a nasal vowel. In Omaha, the corresponding word for ‘ten’ at that time was grébrą, now shortened
to grébą.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I’m not entirely sure what to make of Maximilian’s ‘ch’ here. That should be a voiceless velar or palatal fricative of the sort we generally write with /x/,
except after s when I think the whole sequence ‘sch’ is pronounced /š/. (Our German colleagues can correct me here.) So then ‘tsch’ should be pronounced /č/. But in Carolyn’s Osage orthography, ‘c’ is pronounced /ts/. The pre-aspirated sequence hc- seems
to equate to the tense stop tt- in Omaha, which would make hce the potential particle that in Omaha is tte and in Dakotan ktA. Carolyn uses ch- as a post-aspirate where Omaha has the post-aspirated stop t
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">ͪ</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> (t + raised h). So Maximilian’s
<i>tscheh</i> might be interpreted here as (ts = c) + (ch = x) + (eh = e), which would get us cxe, or che, the ‘standing’ positional that in Omaha is t
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">ͪ </span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">e. In the former case, the first two words would translate as ‘would-be ten’, and in the latter case as ‘ten standing’.
You may have a good enough sense of Maximilian’s orthography to choose between these.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Maximilian’s
<i>u</i></span><i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">ȉ</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> would be our /wi/. Presumably his
<i>ningkä</i> is Osage ðįké, equivalent to Omaha ðįgé, ‘none’ or ‘missing’. So the whole sequence would essentially be ‘ten with one missing’, as he says. Carolyn’s version
<i>wįįke</i> doesn’t show the n/ð, but I don’t think that should be much of a problem. In Omaha, that sound is often dropped before the similarly pronounced positional ðįk
</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D">ͪ</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> é, so I assume that that is all that happened here.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">That got me to thinking about two things. First, this looks to me like the “<i>grä̇bena – tscheh – uïningkä̇</i>” was the original term for nine and that “<i>shangká</i>”
is the interloper. It makes sense to me that the first version would be the original since it is an actual translation for nine
<i>in that language</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Perhaps, but it could also be that the ‘native’ term was reinvented in Osage. The expression is unpleasantly long to be used commonly as we do, and it suggests
a finger-counting system. It’s likely that post-Mississippian peoples just didn’t need to count that high very often until white traders arrived, and some groups of speakers may have forgotten the older (borrowed) term and reinvented a sensible native replacement
that initially had to be cumbersomely explicit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Maximilian’s entry for “one” is ”<i>uïnchtschä</i>” and you can see a portion of that in the “<i>tscheh</i>” in the above term.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Carolyn Quintero has wį, wįxce for ‘one’. The root for ‘one’ in Osage and Omaha is wį, which can also be used loosely as the article ‘a’, ‘an’. To make it
explicitly the numeral ‘one’, it seems that an intensifying ending is added onto it. In Osage, that ending is xce (presumably not the same as the potential particle hce). In Omaha, the more explicit term is wįáxči, presumably a diminutized form of wįáxti,
in which the suffix -xti is a common intensifier. What the accented /-á-/ in the middle is doing, I’ve never been able to figure out. Otherwise, the Osage form here is the same except that its suffix is -xce instead of -xci as I would expect.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Ok, that was more of a “hey look at this, you may find it interesting” tidbit of information. Here is the second thought that struck me. It is the “<i>uïningkä̇</i>”
portion of the term which looks related to the Otoe-Missouria “<i>ninge</i>” which is along the lines of no or none and has even been translated as “have none.” That definitely fits with Maximilian’s mention of “less one.” Then that got me to thinking again
about the Otoe-Missouria “<i>ninge</i>” which I’ve seen (and heard) as also being pronounced “<i>ninye</i>.” And then
<i>that</i> got me to thinking about the term for nine that was given to me by a tribal member which was “<i>nanye</i>” and now I am wondering if that is a possible variant of ”<i>ninye/ninge</i>” and could be a potential long-lost relic of the original Otoe-Missouria
term for nine which could very well have been something along the lines of “ten less one” as well before “<i>sanke</i>” moved in.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Of course I am basing this on me turning my head to the side while looking at it and banking a bit on the similarities between Otoe-Missouria and Osage but this
still has drawn my attention and I wanted to get some feedback from you guys to see what you think.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><![if !supportLists]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:Wingdings"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">Ø<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"">Thoughts?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I think that’s a very promising idea. Rather than figuring out a sound shift rule to get us from /niⁿ/ to /naⁿ/ though, perhaps we could suppose that the /naⁿ/
came about from the effect of a longer sequence that once existed before the <i>
ninye</i>, presumably involving ‘one’. Maybe the original was something like iyáⁿki-niⁿge, which impatiently tonguetwisted speakers radically collapsed to náⁿge, and from there to your nanye.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Do you happen to remember which syllable of nanye was accented?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Rory<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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